Expulsion13
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Bratislava Jews expelled to the Slovak countryside
Jews living in Bratislava were driven out to rural parts of Slovakia.
- By
- Bratislava Jews
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Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Deportation of Jews from Bukovina to Siberia
Soviet authorities deported 3,800 Jews labeled bourgeois from the region to Siberia.
- By
- Soviet authorities
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Bukovina (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Deported Jews forced to labor along the Bug River
Jews sent to slave-labor camps on the Bug River were made to drain marshland and construct fortifications on the Soviet border.
- By
- Soviet Union
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Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Evacuation of Jews from villages and towns in Romania
After Romania joined the war against the USSR, Jews were evacuated from villages and towns, having first been ordered to concentration camps, until they were instead lodged in big cities.
- By
- Romanian government
- Where
- Romania
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Romania (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Expulsion of Jews to provincial towns
In October 1941, 6,473 Jews were expelled from Bratislava to 16 provincial towns.
- By
- Slovak state
- Where
- Bratislava, Slovakia
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Bratislava (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Expulsion of about 20,000 Jews to Galicia
The Office for Aliens' Control expelled some 20,000 Jews of doubtful citizenship and refugees to German-held Galicia.
- By
- Office for Aliens' Control
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Hungary (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Jews of district driven from homes to Bacau and men sent to forced labor
After the war on the USSR began, Jews from surrounding towns and villages were expelled to Bacau, and Jewish men were sent to forced labor in Transylvania and Bessarabia.
- By
- Romanian authorities
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Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Soviet arrest and exile of Jewish activists and wealthy Jews
In May 1941 the Soviet authorities arrested Jewish activists and wealthy Jews as enemies of the regime and exiled them to Siberia.
- By
- Soviet authorities
- Where
- Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Kishinev (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Soviet purge and deportation of Bessarabian Jews
Soviet authorities carried out a broad purge, arresting thousands of Jews including communal leaders, Zionists and businessmen. They were deported to internment camps or exiled to Siberia.
- By
- Soviet authorities
- Where
- Bessarabia, Moldova
2 sources
About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Aryanization and forced emigration of Viennese Jews
Jewish businesses were forcibly sold or liquidated, apartments were evacuated, and emigration was systematically forced through Eichmann's Zentralstelle until emigration was banned in autumn 1941.
- By
- Nazi regime (Eichmann's Zentralstelle)
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Vienna (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Expulsion of the Jews of Moinesti to Botosani
During World War II the Jewish community of Moinesti was expelled and sent to Botosani.
- By
- Romanian authorities
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Moinești (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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20th century departures of foreign nationals from Egypt
20th century departures of foreign nationals from Egypt: exodus of Europeans from Egypt.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Egypt
Wikidata (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
Based on Wikidata (CC0). How entries are made
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Deportation of 168 Jews to Curaçao
Deportation of 168 Jews to Curaçao: deportation of 168 Jews to Curaçao.
- By
- Unknown
Wikidata (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
Based on Wikidata (CC0). How entries are made
Massacre / pogrom98
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1941 pogroms in Lithuania
During the German invasion of Lithuania in June 1941, a number of anti-Jewish pogroms took place. Unlike the 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland, which were committed by unaffiliated civilians, these pogroms were carried out by Lithuanian paramilitary forces.
- By
- Lithuanian paramilitary forces
Wikipedia: 1941 pogroms in Lithuania (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Text adapted from Wikipedia, “1941 pogroms in Lithuania”, by Wikipedia contributors. Lightly edited. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. article (opens in a new tab) · history (opens in a new tab) · CC BY-SA 4.0 (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
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1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
1941 pogroms in eastern Poland: anti-Jewish massacres in eastern Poland in 1941.
- By
- Soviet Union
- Where
- Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland
2 sources
About this entry
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3,000 Jews murdered at Chernovtsy; 600 at Skalat
In Ukraine, 3,000 Jews were killed at Chernovtsy and 600 at Skalat.
- By
- Unknown
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3,500 Jews killed at Zloczow; hundreds at Drohobycz
In Ukraine, 3,500 Jews were murdered at Zloczow and hundreds lost their lives at Drohobycz.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Zolochiv (Złoczów), Galicia, Ukraine
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33,500 of Vilna's 57,000 Jews already murdered
Of the 57,000 Jews in Vilna, 33,500 had by this point been killed.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Vilnius (Vilna), Lithuania
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5,000 more Jews executed at Dnepropetrovsk
Three days after Germans murdered 15,000 Jews of Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, another 5,000 were executed there.
- By
- Unknown
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500 Jews and Serbs murdered in Novi Sad
In Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, Hungarian soldiers and German civilians killed 250 Jews and 250 Serbs at random.
- By
- Unknown
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8,000 Belgrade Jews murdered at Topovske Supe
In Yugoslavia, 8,000 Jews from Belgrade were taken to Topovske Supe and killed there.
- By
- Unknown
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800 Jews killed at Novo Selista; more at Kamenka and Stryj
At Novo Selista, Ukraine, 800 Jews were murdered, and hundreds more died at Kamenka and Stryj, Ukraine.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Novoselytsia, Bukovina, Ukraine
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All Jews of Litin murdered
Every Jew in Litin, Ukraine, was killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Antisemitic locals murder Jews in Lvov's streets
Local antisemites killed Jews in the streets of Lvov, Ukraine.
- By
- Unknown
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Assault on the Jews of Benghazi
After the Italians retook Benghazi, young Arabs attacked the city's Jews.
- By
- Young Arabs
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Attacks on Jews of Benghazi on Italian recapture
When the Italians retook the city in April 1941, hostile Muslim youths attacked the Jews.
- By
- Hostile Muslim youth
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Boy survivor of Ninth Fort massacre tells Kovno Ghetto
A boy of 12 who survived the October 28 killings at the Ninth Fort made his way back into the Kovno Ghetto and told its inmates what he had witnessed.
- By
- Unknown
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Bucharest pogrom
Bucharest pogrom (also known as Legionnaires' rebellion). Deaths: 125 Jews and 30 soldiers.
- By
- Unknown
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Text adapted from Wikipedia, “Pogrom”, by Wikipedia contributors. Lightly edited. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. article (opens in a new tab) · history (opens in a new tab) · CC BY-SA 4.0 (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
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Christmas massacre (mass murder in Simferopol)
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
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Based on Wikidata (CC0). How entries are made
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Croatia declares independence; Jews beaten and murdered
Croatian independence was proclaimed in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Jews were beaten and killed, and their internment in concentration camps was soon to start.
- By
- Unknown
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Death marches of 150,000 Jews in Bessarabia
Romanians and Germans drove close to 150,000 Jews on death marches to Bessarabia, Ukraine, where they were to be interned; many perished from beatings, random shootings, exhaustion, hunger, thirst, disease and exposure.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Bessarabia, MoldovaTransnistria, Ukraine
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Drunken Germans kill 4,000 Jews at Ponary
At Ponary, Lithuania, some 80 drunk Germans murdered four thousand Jews.
- By
- Unknown
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Dubossary: Jews hanged and 600 burned in synagogues
At Dubossary, Ukraine, six Jews who would not join the Jewish Council were hanged in public. Afterward, 600 elderly Jews were forced into the town's eight synagogues, which were set on fire, burning them alive.
- By
- Unknown
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Dvinsk Jews murdered in the Pogulanka Forest
Thousands of Dvinsk's Jews, in Latvia, were taken to the Pogulanka Forest and killed.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Daugavpils (Dvinsk), Latgale, Latvia
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Eight Warsaw Jews executed for leaving the ghetto
Eight Jews from Warsaw, six of them women, were put to death for exiting the ghetto without authorization. Polish policemen were forced to act as the executioners.
- By
- Unknown
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Eighteen thousand Jews murdered at Berdichev
At Berdichev, Ukraine, 18,000 Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Entire Jewish population of Kedainiai murdered
Every Jew in Kedainiai, Lithuania, was killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Execution of 140 Jews in Balta
On August 8, 1941, 140 Jews were executed in Balta during the Romanian occupation.
- By
- Romanian occupation authorities
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Execution of Jewish inmates in labor camps
After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, many Jews from the Warsaw ghetto held in slave labor camps were executed.
- By
- German authorities
- Where
- Warsaw District, Poland
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Warsaw (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Farhud
During a power vacuum after the collapse of Rashid Ali's pro-Axis government, rioters attacked the Jews of Baghdad on 1–2 June 1941, killing around 180 and looting Jewish property.
- By
- Rioters, soldiers and police in Baghdad
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)6 sources
About this entry
Text adapted from Wikipedia, “Farhud”, by Wikipedia contributors. Lightly edited. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. article (opens in a new tab) · history (opens in a new tab) · CC BY-SA 4.0 (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
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Fifteen hundred Jews murdered at Mitau
At Mitau, Latvia, 1,500 Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Jelgava (Mitau), Courland, Latvia
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Fifteen hundred Jews murdered at Tykocin
At Tykocin, Poland, 1,500 Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Fifteen thousand Jews murdered at Dnepropetrovsk
At Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, 15,000 Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Five thousand Jews killed in Ternopol
In Ternopol, Ukraine, 5,000 Jews were murdered.
- By
- Unknown
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Four thousand Jews murdered at Nesvizh
At Nesvizh in Belorussia, 4,000 Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Four thousand Novogrudok Jews killed
In Novogrudok, Belorussia, 4,000 Jews were murdered.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Navahrudak, Belarus
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Frozen ground slows mass shootings in Ukraine and Volhynia
Because the ground had frozen and execution pits could not be dug, the mass killing of Jews in Ukraine and Poland's Volhynia region slowed.
- By
- Mass
- Where
- Ukraine
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Gabès pogrom
Gabès pogrom in French Tunisia leaves 8 Jews dead and at least 20 wounded.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Tunisia
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)2 sources
About this entry
Text adapted from Wikipedia, “Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century”, by Wikipedia contributors. Lightly edited. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. article (opens in a new tab) · history (opens in a new tab) · CC BY-SA 4.0 (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
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German authorities and their Lithuanian auxiliaries murder approximately 3,700 Jewish residents of Vilna (Wilno; Vilnius) in the nearby Ponary (Paneriai) Forest.
- By
- Unknown
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia: 1941 Key Dates (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Quoted from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia, under the Museum's terms for non-commercial educational use. Jistory is not affiliated with or endorsed by the Museum. source (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
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German cavalry murders Jewish resisters at Lubieszow
A patrolling German cavalry unit killed Jews who resisted in Lubieszow, Volhynia, Ukraine.
- By
- Unknown
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German killings of Jews in Kherson after occupation
After occupying the city, the Germans killed 100 Jews on August 29 and another 110 in early September 1941.
- By
- German occupying forces
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German squads begin killing remaining Kishinev Jews
In Kishinev, Romania, German killing squads started murdering the Jews still left there.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova
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Germans murder 30 Jewish leaders in Bielsk
Within ten days of entering the town, the Germans gathered 30 Jewish leaders and intellectuals and killed them.
- By
- Germans
- Where
- Bielsk Podlaski, Podlaskie, Poland
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Hundreds of Jews killed at Noua Sulita
At Noua Sulita, Romania, hundreds of Jews were murdered.
- By
- Unknown
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Hundreds of Jews killed at Plunge
In Plunge, Lithuania, hundreds of Jews were murdered.
- By
- Unknown
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Jedwabne massacre: 1,600 Jews burned in a barn
Polish neighbors and peasants from surrounding areas seized all 1,600 Jewish residents of Jedwabne, Poland, and marched them to the central market. After a day of torture, the Jews were forced into a barn that was then set on fire with kerosene.
- By
- Germans
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Jelgava massacres
Jelgava massacres: Killing of Jews in Jelgava, Latvia. Deaths: 1500.
- By
- Jelgava
- Where
- Latvia
About this entry
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Jewish commando David Raziel killed in Iraq
David Raziel, a Jewish commando on a British mission in Iraq, died in an attack by a German bomber.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Iraq
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Jewish community of Koidanov murdered
The Jews of Koidanov, Belorussia, were murdered.
- By
- Unknown
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Jews hanged in Odessa after Romanian HQ explosion
An explosion at Odessa's Romanian headquarters in Ukraine killed 17 Romanian officers along with 66 German officers and enlisted men. Three hours afterward, Jews and Communists were hanged in the main square.
- By
- Unknown
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Jews of Lesko executed at Zaslaw
The entire Jewish community of Lesko, Poland, was taken to Zaslaw, Poland, and put to death.
- By
- Unknown
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Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941
Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941: Slaughter of Lithuanian Jews.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Ninth Fort, Kaunas, Lithuania
2 sources
About this entry
Based on Wikidata (CC0). How entries are made
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Killing in Chełmno
Killing operations begin at the Chełmno killing center, located about 40 miles northwest of Łódź. The killing center operates from December 1941 until April 1943 and then from June 1944 until January 1945.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Chełmno, Greater Poland, Poland
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Killings of Jews by Lithuanian Fascists before German arrival
After the German-Soviet war broke out, Lithuanian Fascists killed Jews in Kaunas even before the Germans entered the city.
- By
- Lithuanian Fascists
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Lithuanian militiamen murder 2,000 Jews at the Seventh Fort
At the Seventh Fort, Lithuanian militiamen killed two thousand Jews.
- By
- Lithuanian militiamen
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Lithuanian nationalists murder and maltreat Jews in Biržai
Soon after the German occupation in June 1941, Lithuanian nationalists began killing and abusing Jews in the town.
- By
- Lithuanian nationalists
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Lithuanian police beat hundreds of Kovno Jews to death
In German-occupied Kovno, Lithuania, Lithuanian police and freed convicts clubbed hundreds of Jews to death with iron bars in the streets. Thousands more were killed in Kovno, and 5,000 were murdered at Brest-Litovsk, Belorussia.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Kaunas (Kovno), Lithuania
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Mass murder of Jews at Kragujevac, Yugoslavia
At Kragujevac in Yugoslavia, Jews were killed by the thousands.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Kragujevac, Šumadija, Serbia
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Mass shootings begin at Ponary near Vilna
Ponary Forest, a killing site near Vilna, became the scene of mass shootings of Jews. Over 62,000 Jews were murdered in western Russia.
- By
- Unknown
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Massacre of 10,000 Jews in Simferopol, Crimea
Simferopol, in the Crimea, was the site of a massacre of 10,000 Jews.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
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Massacre of 15,000 Jews in Kovno
Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania, was the site of a massacre of 15,000 Jews.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Kaunas (Kovno), Lithuania
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Massacre of 34,000 Jews in Kiev
Kiev, Ukraine, was the site of a massacre of 34,000 Jews.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Massacre of Jews in northern Bukovina
After occupying northern Bukovina in July 1941, German and Romanian soldiers massacred the Jewish population.
- By
- German and Romanian soldiers
2 sources
About this entry
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-
Massacre of Ludza Jews at Lake Zorba
About 800 Jews of Ludza were murdered at Lake Zorba outside the town.
- By
- German occupation forces
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-
Minsk Jews murdered in Tuchinka Forest
Twelve thousand Jews from Minsk, Belorussia, were taken to execution pits in the Tuchinka Forest close by and killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Murder of 50 Jews of Bauska by Latvian police
On August 3, 1941, Latvian police killed 50 Jews in Bauska after the German occupation.
- By
- Latvian police
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Murder of 9,000 Jews at Czepielow
Germans, Lithuanians and Belorussians murdered 9,000 Jews in a second Aktion at Czepielow near Slonim; the ghetto was then sealed.
- By
- Germans, Lithuanians and Belorussians
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Murder of Panevezys Jews
In September 1941 the Jews were taken from the ghetto and murdered, then buried in 12 mass graves.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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-
Nearly 25,000 Hungarian Jewish laborers shot at Kamenets-Podolski
Close to 25,000 Jews from Hungary who were being used as forced labor were shot dead in craters left by bombs near Kamenets-Podolski, Ukraine.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Nearly 5,000 Jews killed at Pogulanka near Dvinsk
At Pogulanka, near Dvinsk in Latvia, almost 5,000 Jews were murdered.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Daugavpils, Latvia
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-
Ninety Jews murdered at Dobromil
At Dobromil, Ukraine, ninety Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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One hundred Jews murdered at Bialystok
At Bialystok, Poland, one hundred Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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One hundred Jews murdered at Lyakhovichi
At Lyakhovichi, Belorussia, one hundred Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Lyakhovichi, Belarus
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Over 2,500 Jews slaughtered at Zhitomir
At Zhitomir, Ukraine, upwards of 2,500 Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Over 20,000 Jews executed in former eastern Poland
In what had been Poland's eastern provinces, upward of 20,000 Jews were executed.
- By
- Unknown
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Over 3,200 Ejszyszki Jews shot at pits
Upward of 3,200 Jews from Ejszyszki, Lithuania, were executed beside pits at the edge of town.
- By
- Unknown
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Over 40,000 Jews murdered at Bogdanovka
At Bogdanovka, in Romania's Transnistria region, more than 40,000 Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Bogdanovka, Transnistria, Ukraine
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-
Podborodz Jews killed on Yom Kippur
On the Jewish Day of Atonement, Jews were removed from the Podborodz ghetto in Ukraine and murdered.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Pogrom in Kovno kills about 3,800 Jews
Roughly 3,800 Jews died in a pogrom in Kovno, Lithuania.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Kaunas (Kovno), Lithuania
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-
Romanian military and police officials conduct a pogrom in the city of Iasi, Romania, killing at least 4,000 Jews.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Romanian soldiers and police kill Jews in Iasi
In Iasi, Romanian troops and police killed at least 260 Jews inside their homes. Over 4,000 others were paraded through the streets, beaten, stripped of money and jewelry, locked in railcars and shipped south.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Rovno Jews murdered in the Sosenki Forest
Over 17,000 Jews were driven out of Rovno, Ukraine, and killed beside burial pits outside town in the Sosenki Forest.
- By
- Unknown
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Seventeen thousand Jews killed near Rovno
Near Rovno, Ukraine, 17,000 Jews were murdered.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Shooting of Jewish intelligentsia and first-month executions in Kovel
On the day the Germans occupied Kovel they shot 60 to 80 Jewish intellectuals, and about 1,000 Jews were executed during the first month.
- By
- German occupation forces
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-
Shooting of Jewish intelligentsia near Minsk
After the German occupation, several thousand Jewish intellectuals were separated out at Drozdy, marched into the woods and machine-gunned.
- By
- German occupation forces
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-
Slonim Jews murdered at Czepielow
At Czepielow, 9,000 Jews from Slonim, Belorussia, were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Surgeon Dr. Benjamin From and family murdered in Lutsk
In Lutsk, Ukraine, Dr. Benjamin From, a 47-year-old Jewish surgeon, would not stop operating on a Christian woman; Germans dragged him out of the hospital to his house and murdered him and his family.
- By
- German occupation forces
2 sources
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Swieciany Jews massacred in the Polygon Woods
The Jews of Swieciany, Lithuania, were massacred in the Polygon Woods nearby, though several hundred young Jewish men escaped.
- By
- Unknown
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Thirty-two Jews killed in Mariampole
In Mariampole, Lithuania, 32 Jews were murdered.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Marijampolė, Lithuania
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-
Thousands of Jews murdered at Czyzewo-Szlachecki
At Czyzewo-Szlachecki, Poland, thousands of Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Thousands of Jews murdered at Edineti
At Edineti, Romania, thousands of Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Edineț, Bessarabia, Moldova
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Thousands of Jews murdered at Kishinev
At Kishinev, Romania, thousands of Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova
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-
Thousands of Jews murdered at Kraljevo
At Kraljevo, Yugoslavia, thousands of Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
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Three thousand Jews killed at Sheparovtse
At Sheparovtse, Ukraine, 3,000 Jews were murdered.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Sheparivtsi, Galicia, Ukraine
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Twenty thousand Jews shot in Bobruisk
Twenty thousand Jews were put to death in Bobruisk, Belorussia.
- By
- Unknown
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Two thousand Jews murdered at Khotin
At Khotin, Ukraine, 2,000 Jews were killed.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Khotyn, Bessarabia, Ukraine
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-
Ukrainians beat at least 2,000 Jews to death in Lvov
In Lvov, local Ukrainians rounded up thousands of Jews, men and women alike, and killed at least 2,000 by beating, as revenge for the 1926 killing of Simon Petliura, an antisemitic Ukrainian leader, by the Jew Shalom Schwarzbard.
- By
- Shalom Schwarzbard
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-
Vilna Jewish leader Dr. Jacob Wigodsky arrested
Dr. Jacob Wigodsky, 86, the veteran leader of Vilna's Jews in Lithuania, was arrested and jailed; a week later he would be executed at Ponary, Lithuania.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Vilnius (Vilna), Lithuania
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Wąsosz pogrom
The Wąsosz pogrom was the World War II mass murder of Jewish residents of Wąsosz in German-occupied Poland, on 5 July 1941. The massacre was carried out by local Polish residents without participation of Germans.
- By
- Unknown
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Montenegrin tragedy
Montenegrin tragedy. Deaths: 700.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine
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Murders and bombings targeting Jews in Iraq
From 1936 Jews were murdered and Jewish institutions bombed, alongside further dismissals, building up to the violence of 1941.
- By
- Unknown
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Discriminatory law67
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Anti-Jewish measures in Greater German Reich
The Reich Minister of the Interior decrees that Jews over the age of six in the Greater German Reich must wear a yellow Star of David on their outer clothing in public at all times.
- By
- Reich Minister of the Interior
- Where
- Greater German Reich (several countries)
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-
Anti-Jewish measures in occupied northern Bukovina
Occupiers imposed the yellow badge, looted Jewish belongings, banned Jews from professions and crafts, and imposed forced labor.
- By
- German and Romanian occupation authorities
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-
Arrest of Salonika Jewish community leaders
German occupiers arrested the members of the Jewish community council and other prominent Jews in Salonika.
- By
- German occupation forces
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-
Baltic Jews forced to wear a Jewish badge
In the Baltic states Jews were made to wear a badge identifying them. Within months, Germans and local antisemites would kill most of the region's quarter-million Jews.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Baltic states (several countries)
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-
Closure of the Halberstadt Jewish school
The Jewish school was shut down in 1941.
- By
- Nazi authorities
- Where
- Halberstadt, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
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-
Confiscation of Jewish apartments in Salonika
Right after occupying Salonika, the Germans confiscated Jewish-owned apartments and gave the residents only a few hours to leave.
- By
- German occupation forces
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-
Confiscation of Jewish radios and bank declarations
Germans ordered Jews to surrender their radios and declare their bank holdings.
- By
- German occupation authorities
- Where
- Belgium
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-
Croatian Jews forced to wear yellow badges
Yellow badges were made compulsory for Jews in Croatia.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Croatia
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-
Death penalty for leaving the Warsaw ghetto
German authorities decreed that Jews leaving the ghetto without permission would be punished by death.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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-
Discriminatory measures by Italian governor of Tripoli
The Italian governor imposed discriminatory measures on all Jews and ordered Jewish organizations to halt all activity.
- By
- Italian governor of Tripoli
- Where
- Tripoli, Tripolitania, Libya
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-
Dutch Jews are prohibited from appearing in public and are deprived of the majority of their assets. The deportation of Romanian Jews to Transnistria begins.
- By
- Unknown
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Economic repression and gold levy on Pinsk Jews
After the first massacres, the Germans imposed repressive economic measures on the Jews, including a demand to hand over 20 kilograms of gold.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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-
Fine imposed on Slonim Jewish community
The German authorities extorted a fine of 2,000,000 rubles from the Jewish community.
- By
- German authorities
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-
Forced labor and special taxes on Jews of Old Romania
Jews remaining in Old Romania and southern Transylvania were made to do forced labor and pay special taxes. Professional bans and the economic exclusion known as Rumanization continued.
- By
- Romanian government
- Where
- RomaniaTransylvania, Romania
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-
Forced labor imposed on Belgrade Jews
Jewish men aged 14 to 60 and women aged 14 to 40 were forced to work unpaid and to provide their own food.
- By
- German occupiers
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-
French Jews barred from trade and owning businesses
France banned Jews from wholesale and retail commerce and from owning banks, hotels or restaurants.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- France
2 sources
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-
Frustrated with the perceived caution of Romanian General Ion Antonescu in taking harsh measures against Jews and political opponents and encouraged clandestinely by German SD intelligence agents, Iron Guard leaders rise up against Antonescu.
- By
- German SD intelligence agents
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-
German fine imposed on Bielsk Jewish community
The German occupiers extorted a heavy fine in gold and rubles from the Jewish community.
- By
- Germans
- Where
- Bielsk Podlaski, Podlaskie, Poland
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-
Germany bans further Jewish emigration
The German government barred Jews from emigrating from Germany any longer.
- By
- German government
- Where
- Germany
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-
Harsher Vichy anti-Jewish decrees in French Morocco
The Vichy law of June 1941 was implemented through decrees that barred Jews from many professions and capped their numbers among lawyers and physicians.
- By
- Vichy government
- Where
- Morocco
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-
Imposition of the Judenrat (AJB)
The German military commander ordered the creation of a compulsory Jewish council, the AJB, to control Jewish bodies and property.
- By
- German military commander for Belgium and northern France
- Where
- Belgium
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-
Jewish badge order issued for the Reich
The Reich ordered all Jews to wear the distinctive sign; it was published in the Reichsgesetzblatt and enforced from 19 September 1941, also in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Jewish children expelled from public schools
Germans expelled Jewish children from public schools and ordered the Judenrat to create a separate educational system.
- By
- German occupation authorities
- Where
- Belgium
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Jewish men sent to forced labor
Many Jewish men from Timisoara were conscripted into forced labor.
- By
- Romanian authorities
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Jews barred from emigrating
Jewish emigration was banned outright.
- By
- Unknown
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Legal Jewish emigration from Berlin prohibited
The Nazi authorities banned legal emigration, closing the escape route for Berlin's Jews.
- By
- Nazi authorities
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Lohse decrees two yellow badges for Jews in the Ostland
Heinrich Lohse, Reich commissioner for the Ostland (Eastern Europe) region of the Eastern Territories, ordered Jews to wear two yellow badges, front and back, banned them from owning cars or radios, and sharply limited their appearance in public places.
- By
- Unknown
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Lohse's provisional regulations on Jews in Ostland
Reich Commissioner Lohse issued secret regulations requiring registration of Jews, yellow badges, bans on movement, professions and public facilities, and confiscation of Jewish property. They also ordered ghettoization and forced labor.
- By
- Hinrich Lohse, German occupation administration
- Where
- Lithuania
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Looting, contribution and eviction of Osijek Jews
Germans, Volksdeutsche and ustaše looted Jewish property, imposed a huge contribution, made economic activity impossible for Jews and evicted Jewish families from the town center.
- By
- Germans, Volksdeutsche and Pavelić's ustaše
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Lvov Jews ordered to wear the Yellow Star
In Lvov, Ukraine, Jews were required to wear the Yellow Star marking them as Jewish.
- By
- German occupation authorities
2 sources
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Nationalization of Jewish commerce under Soviet rule
During the first Soviet occupation, Jewish commerce and industry were nationalized and Jewish public activity, especially Zionist, was ended.
- By
- Soviet regime
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Nazi ban on Jewish residence outside four Belgian cities
The Nazi authorities forbade Jews in Belgium from living outside Brussels, Antwerp, Liège, and Charleroi, making any Jewish presence in Ghent illegal.
- By
- Nazis
- Where
- Belgium
2 sources
About this entry
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Nazis seize Jewish fur coats in eastern Germany
In eastern Germany the Nazis confiscated furs owned by Jews, intending them for German troops fighting on the Eastern Front.
- By
- Nazis
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Requisitions, expropriations and hostage executions against Sarajevo Jews
German occupiers subjected the Jews to requisitions, expropriations, executions of hostages, and arrests.
- By
- German forces
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School quota limiting Jews to 10 percent in Morocco
Vichy authorities restricted Jewish enrollment in protectorate schools to 10 percent and enforced this harshly.
- By
- Vichy French protectorate authorities
- Where
- Morocco
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Third Jewish Law
The racial Third Jewish Law, modeled on the Nuremberg laws, banned intermarriage and defined Jews by racial criteria.
- By
- Hungarian government
- Where
- Hungary
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Vichy strips North African Jews of civil rights
The Vichy government revoked the civil rights of North Africa's French Jews and imposed numerous restrictions on them.
- By
- Vichy government
- Where
- North Africa (several countries)
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-
Yellow Star imposed in Slovakia, Bohemia and Moravia
Under a Nazi decree dated September 1, 1941, Jews in Slovakia, Bohemia and Moravia had to wear the Yellow Star.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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-
Yellow badge decreed for German Jews
German Jews were ordered to wear the yellow star as a identifying badge.
- By
- Nazi German government
- Where
- Germany
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-
Yellow badge introduced for Berlin Jews
Jews in Berlin were forced to wear the yellow star marking them out in public.
- By
- Nazi authorities
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Yellow badge order for Jews re-endorsed in Romania
After an earlier cancellation, the order forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge was reinstated on 3 September 1941 at Richter's insistence, and was annulled by Antonescu on 8 September.
- By
- Romanian government under Antonescu
- Where
- Romania
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Yellow badge ordered for Jews of Minsk
The German city commandant required every Jew in Minsk to wear a yellow badge.
- By
- German city commandant
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Elimination of Jewish life and trade under Soviet rule
Under Soviet rule all Jewish communal life and trade in Bauska was eliminated.
- By
- Soviet authorities
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German anti-Jewish decrees in occupied Netherlands
The German occupiers issued a series of decrees defining Jews, dismissing them from public posts, and registering Jews and Jewish businesses, which began legal segregation.
- By
- German occupation authorities
- Where
- Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
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Law for the Protection of the Nation
Bulgaria's cabinet approved an anti-Jewish law modeled on Nazi regulations in August 1940; Parliament passed it in December 1940 and it was promulgated in January 1941.
- By
- Bulgarian government and Parliament
- Where
- Bulgaria
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-
Soviet closure of Jewish institutions and ban on Zionism
Under Soviet rule, all Jewish institutions in Kishinev were shut down and the Zionist movement was outlawed.
- By
- Soviet authorities
- Where
- Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova
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Soviet closure of Jewish institutions and exile of Jewish activists
Soviet authorities closed all Jewish parties, organizations and institutions and exiled many activists and wealthy Jews to Siberia.
- By
- Soviet authorities
- Where
- Daugavpils, Latgale, Latvia
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Vichy Statut des juifs
Vichy enacted a statute defining Jews and excluding them from top government positions, then revised it in 1941. Its definition of Jews was stricter than the one used in Germany.
- By
- Vichy government
- Where
- France
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Forced labor of Dubno Jews
The Germans conscripted the Jewish population for forced labor, and many died from the harsh conditions.
- By
- German occupiers
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German fine, executions and deportation order against Jews of France
German military authorities proclaimed a collective fine on the Jewish population, the execution of 53 Jewish Resistance members, and the deportation of 1,000 Jews. Deportation of 1,100 Jews took place in March 1942.
- By
- German military authorities
- Where
- Occupied Zone, France
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Soviet closure of Jewish institutions and expulsion of businessmen in Pinsk
Under Soviet rule, Jewish political parties and schools were shut down, some leaders were arrested, and many Jewish businessmen and professionals were expelled from the city.
- By
- Soviet authorities
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Soviet liquidation of Jewish community institutions in Dubno
Under Soviet occupation, Jewish communal institutions were dissolved, Jewish property and enterprises were nationalized, and Jewish leaders were arrested.
- By
- Soviet authorities
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Soviet repression of Jewish life in Lutsk
Under Soviet occupation Jewish organizations were disbanded, enterprises nationalized, and some businessmen ordered out of town.
- By
- Soviet authorities
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Foreign Jewish refugees interned in Moroccan camps
Foreign Jews who sought refuge in Morocco were placed in labor or concentration camps alongside other'undesirables'.
- By
- Vichy authorities
- Where
- Morocco
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Preparatory anti-Jewish measures under German occupation
A Belgian administration, instructed by the Wehrmacht, carried out measures that isolated the Jewish population, fixed their residence and gradually paralyzed them economically and socially.
- By
- German military occupation and Belgian administration
- Where
- Belgium
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Vichy anti-Jewish policies in Casablanca
The Vichy government restricted Jewish rights and deprived them of their livelihood, especially in Casablanca where a Gestapo office operated, until the Allied landing in 1942.
- By
- Vichy government
- Where
- Casablanca, Morocco
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Vichy discriminatory laws and abrogation of Crémieux Decree in Algeria
The Vichy regime imposed racial laws, employment quotas and school expulsions on Algerian Jews including in Oran, and temporarily revoked their citizenship by abrogating the Crémieux Decree.
- By
- Vichy regime
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Jewish labor camp at Leszno
A Jewish forced labor camp with about 250 inmates operated in or near Leszno.
- By
- Nazi German authorities
- Where
- Leszno, Greater Poland, Poland
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Forced labor at the "Jewish Retraining Center" in Paderborn
About 100 Jews were held at a so-called retraining center and forced to work for the Nazi authorities.
- By
- Nazi authorities
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Confiscation of Jewish property in Shanghai
During the Japanese occupation, most Jewish property in Shanghai was seized on various pretexts.
- By
- Japanese occupation forces
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Anti-Jewish laws of the Fascist regime
Starting in 1938, Jews in Italy, including Alessandria, suffered under the regime's anti-Jewish laws.
- By
- Fascist regime
- Where
- Alessandria, Piedmont, Italy
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Racial laws and exclusion of Venetian Jews
Following the racial laws issued in September 1938, the Jewish community of Venice suffered exclusion and racial discrimination until summer 1943.
- By
- Fascist Italian government
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Spanish occupiers strip Tangier Jews of rights and autonomy
During Spain's occupation of Tangier, refugees lost rights including work, small businessmen were heavily taxed, and the Jewish community council's legal status was abrogated and its subsidies ended.
- By
- Spanish occupation authorities
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Anti-Jewish measures in Germany
Persecution of Jews in Germany rises until they are stripped of their rights not only as citizens, but also as human beings. During this time antisemitism reached its all-time high.
- By
- S.A
- Where
- Germany
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)3 sources
About this entry
Text adapted from Wikipedia, “Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century”, by Wikipedia contributors. Lightly edited. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. article (opens in a new tab) · history (opens in a new tab) · CC BY-SA 4.0 (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
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Latin American restrictions on Jewish immigration
Latin American governments imposed economic, political, racial and religious restrictions to limit Jewish immigration during the Nazi era, tightening sharply from 1940.
- By
- Latin American governments
- Where
- Latin America (several countries)
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-
Persecution of Kurdish Jews amid anti-Zionist propaganda in Iraq
Following the start of anti-Zionist propaganda in Iraq in 1925, persecution of Kurdish Jews intensified, peaking during the Rashid Ali revolt of 1941.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Brazil restricts immigration of Jewish refugees from Europe
Brazilian officials, with Oswaldo Aranha instrumental as minister and wartime foreign minister, limited the entry of Jewish refugees fleeing Europe.
- By
- Brazilian government (Oswaldo Aranha)
- Where
- Brazil
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Ghettoization106
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70,000 displaced Jews forced into Warsaw Ghetto
Some 70,000 uprooted Polish Jews were driven into the Warsaw Ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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Białystok Ghetto
Eastern Galicia and Lvov are annexed to the General Government, and the Białystok Ghetto is established.
- By
- SS, Order Police Battalions, Trawnikis
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)2 sources
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Brześć Ghetto
The Brześć Ghetto or the Brest Ghetto, also: Brześć nad Bugiem Ghetto, Brest-Litovsk Ghetto (Polish: getto w Brześciu nad Bugiem, Yiddish: בריסק or בריסק-ד׳ליטע) was a Nazi ghetto created in German-occupied Eastern Poland / Western Belarus in December 1941, six months after the German troops had invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Brest (Brześć), Belarus
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Chernovtsy ghetto and deportations to Transnistria
A ghetto was established in Chernovtsy and tens of thousands of Jews from the city and surrounding areas were deported to Transnistria.
- By
- Romanian and German authorities
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Concentration of Bonn Jews in Endenich monastery
The remaining Jews of Bonn were sent to a monastery in Endenich, where they were joined by evicted families from other communities.
- By
- Nazi authorities
- Where
- Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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-
Concentration of Jews in ghettos and camps
After the first massacres, surviving Jews in Bessarabia and Bukovina were confined in city ghettos or rural camps, where killing squads and gendarmes repeatedly entered to murder them.
- By
- Romanian authorities
- Where
- Bessarabia, MoldovaBukovina, Ukraine
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Concentration of Leipzig Jews in Judenhäuser
The remaining 2,500 Jews were forced into 43 "Jew houses" and made to do forced labor.
- By
- Nazi regime
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Concentration of Stuttgart Jews in a Jewish quarter
The remaining Jews were forced into a Jewish quarter, and older members were evacuated to small towns and villages.
- By
- Nazi authorities
- Where
- Stuttgart, Württemberg, Germany
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Creation of ghettos in Bar
German occupiers established two barbed-wire-enclosed ghettos for the Jews of Bar in December 1941.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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-
Czernowitz Jews confined to a ghetto
The Jews of Czernowitz, Romania, were forced into a ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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Decree establishing the Tarnow ghetto
The German authorities decreed the creation of a ghetto for the Jews of Tarnow.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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Drohobycz Ghetto
Drohobycz Ghetto or Drohobych Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto in the city of Drohobych in Western Ukraine during World War II. The ghetto was liquidated mainly between February and November 1942, when most Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Establishment of Kishinev ghetto and yellow badge order
Einsatzkommando 11a ordered a ghetto to be set up and the Jews to wear the yellow badge. It also periodically took people out of the ghetto and killed them.
- By
- Einsatzkommando 11a
- Where
- Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova
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Establishment of Panevezys ghetto
After the German occupation in 1941, the Germans confined the Jews of Panevezys in a ghetto.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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-
Establishment of the Augustow ghetto
German occupiers set up a ghetto for the town's Jews in October 1941.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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Establishment of the Biržai ghetto
A ghetto was set up for the Jews of Biržai after the German occupation.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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Establishment of the Kaunas ghetto in Slobodka
An order of July 11, 1941 required all Jews in the city and suburbs to move into a ghetto in Slobodka between July 15 and August 15.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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Establishment of the Kherson ghetto
The German occupiers set up a ghetto in Kherson on September 7, 1941, with a Judenrat and Jewish police.
- By
- German occupying forces
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Fifteen Jews shot on first day of Chanukah in Warsaw Ghetto
On Chanukah's first day, 15 Jews were shot dead in the Warsaw Ghetto prison courtyard.
- By
- Unknown
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German authorities establish the Theresienstadt ghetto (located in the garrison town of Terezín in the German-controlled Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia).
- By
- Unknown
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German authorities seal off the Kovno (Kaunas; Yiddish: Kovne) ghetto, with approximately 30,000 Jewish inhabitants.
- By
- Unknown
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German closure of the Amsterdam Jewish quarter
After a clash that left one Dutch Nazi dead, German forces sealed off the Jewish quarter for a short time.
- By
- German forces
- Where
- Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
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-
German ghettoization of Jews in Shklov and Ryzhkovichi
After arriving in July 1941, the Germans set up two ghettos, one in Shklov and one in nearby Ryzhkovichi, holding Jews from the town and surrounding area. Young Jews were periodically executed from both.
- By
- German occupiers
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Germans establish ghetto for Smolensk Jews
After occupying the city in August 1941, the Germans almost immediately created a ghetto in Sadki for the Jews.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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Gestapo orders evacuations, restricted zones and assembly camps
The Gestapo told the Jewish community leader that Jews would face partial evacuation, loss of large apartments, exclusion from parts of the city, and a synagogue converted into an assembly camp.
- By
- Gestapo
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Ghetto created in Grodno
The Jews of Grodno, Belorussia, were confined to a newly established ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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Ghetto established in Bratslav
Under Romanian Transnistria administration a ghetto was set up in Bratslav, and Jews deported from Bessarabia and Bukovina were brought there.
- By
- Romanian authorities
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Ghetto established in Czestochowa, Poland
Czestochowa, Poland, became the site of a ghetto for Jews.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Częstochowa, Silesia, Poland
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Ghetto established in District Galicia
The German authorities in District Galicia of the Generalgouvernement order the establishment of a ghetto in Lvov (Lwow; L'viv) by December 15.
- By
- Unknown
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Ghetto established in Dvinsk, Latvia
The Germans set up a ghetto for Jews in Dvinsk, Latvia.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Daugavpils (Dvinsk), Latgale, Latvia
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Ghetto established in Kharkov
The Jews of Kharkov, Ukraine, were forced into a new ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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Ghetto established in Kielce, Poland
Kielce, Poland, got a ghetto, and its German supervisors gave some of its streets new names.
- By
- Unknown
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Ghetto established in Kraków, Poland
Kraków, Poland, became the site of a Jewish ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Kraków, Lesser Poland, Poland
2 sources
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Ghetto established in Lublin
Lublin became the site of a ghetto for Jews.
- By
- Unknown
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Ghetto established in Ludza
After occupying the town, the German authorities set up a ghetto in Ludza, where Jews suffered murder, looting, rape and forced labor.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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Ghetto established in Lvov
The Jews of Lvov, Ukraine, were forced into a new ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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Ghetto established in Minsk
German authorities establish a ghetto in Minsk in German-occupied Belorussia. By July 25, they concentrate Jews from the city and its environs in the ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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Ghetto established in Radom
German occupation authorities establish two ghettos in Radom, in which they concentrate the Jewish population of the city.
- By
- Unknown
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Ghetto established in Riga, Latvia
Riga, Latvia, became the site of a Jewish ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
2 sources
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Ghetto set up in Brest-Litovsk
The Germans created a ghetto for Jews in Brest-Litovsk, Belorussia.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Brest (Brest-Litovsk), Belarus
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Ghetto set up in Lutsk
The Jews of Lutsk, Ukraine, were confined to a newly created ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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Ghettoization of Gomel Jews
After entering the city in August 1941, the Germans confined the Jews in four overcrowded ghettos and set up labor camps.
- By
- German occupiers
- Where
- Homel (Gomel), Belarus
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Ghettoization of Jews in Balta
About 1,500 remaining Jews were confined in a ghetto together with Jews deported from Bessarabia and Bukovina, and some were later executed.
- By
- Romanian occupation authorities
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-
Ghettos established in Bialystok and Lvov
Bialystok and Lvov both received ghettos.
- By
- Ghettos
2 sources
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Ghettos established in Radom and Kielce
Radom, Poland, received two separate ghettos. In Kielce, Poland, 16,000 Jews from the town and roughly a thousand Jews deported from Vienna were crowded into a ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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Gorodishche Ghetto
Gorodishche Ghetto (summer 1941 - October 21 1941) was a Nazi Jewish ghetto established for the forced relocation of Jews from the village of Gorodishche (Today Haradzishcha) in the Baranovichi district of the Brest region and nearby settlements.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Grodno Ghetto
The Grodno Ghetto (Polish: getto w Grodnie, Belarusian: Гродзенскае гета, Hebrew: גטו גרודנו) was a Nazi ghetto established in November 1941 by Nazi Germany in the German-occupied Poland city of Grodno for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Jews in Western Belarus. The ghetto, run by the SS, consisted of two interconnected areas about 2 km apart.
- By
- Nazi Germany in the German-occupied Poland city
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Hanover Jews confined to "Jew houses"
On September 3–4, 1941, 1,200 Jews were evicted from their homes and forced into 15 "Jew houses."
- By
- Nazi authorities
- Where
- Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Izbica Ghetto
The Izbica ghetto was a Jewish ghetto created by Nazi Germany in Izbica in occupied Poland during World War II, serving as a transfer point for deportation of Jews from Poland, Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia to Bełżec and Sobibór extermination camps. The ghetto was created in 1941, although the first transports of Jews from the German Reich started arriving there as early as 1940.
- By
- Nazi Germany in Izbica
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Jewish doctor Dubski dies of typhus near Lódz Ghetto
Dubski, a Jewish doctor caring for patients in a camp for Gypsies (Roma) close to the Lódz Ghetto, caught spotted typhus and died.
- By
- Unknown
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Jewish quarter established in Slonim
At the end of August 1941 the Germans designated a Jewish quarter, which was not sealed off at first.
- By
- German authorities
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Jews of Novy Dvor sent to the Ostryna ghetto
In October 1941 the Jewish community of Novy Dvor was forced into the ghetto at Ostryna.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Judenrat and registration of Jews in Poltava
The German occupiers set up a Judenrat and ordered the Jews to register as a prelude to their killing.
- By
- Germans
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Judenviertel signs mark the "optic ghetto" in Amsterdam
Although a full ghetto was never created, the Germans put up signs reading Judenviertel around the Jewish quarter in the city center.
- By
- German authorities under Böhmcker
- Where
- Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
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Kielce Ghetto
The Kielce Ghetto (Polish: getto w Kielcach, German: Ghetto von Kielce) was a Jewish World War II ghetto created in 1941 by the Schutzstaffel (SS) in the Polish city of Kielce in the south-western region of the Second Polish Republic, occupied by German forces from 4 September 1939. Before the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, Kielce was the capital of the Kielce Voivodeship.
- By
- Schutzstaffel
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Kishinev ghetto established; 10,000 Jews dead
A ghetto was set up in Kishinev, where 10,000 Jews had died.
- By
- Unknown
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Kovno Ghetto
The Kovno Ghetto is established.
- By
- German security police
- Where
- Kaunas (Kovno), Lithuania
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Kraków Ghetto
The Kraków Ghetto is established.
- By
- Germany in the new
- Where
- Kraków, Lesser Poland, Poland
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Lubartów Ghetto
Lubartów Ghetto was established by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II, and existed officially from 1941 until October 1942. The Polish Jews of the town of Lubartów were confined there initially.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Lublin Ghetto
The Lublin Ghetto was a World War II ghetto created by Nazi Germany in the city of Lublin on the territory of General Government in occupied Poland. The ghetto inmates were mostly Polish Jews, although a number of Roma were also brought in.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Lutsk Ghetto
The Lutsk Ghetto (Polish: getto w Łucku, German: Ghetto Luzk) was a Nazi ghetto established in 1941 by the SS in Lutsk, Western Ukraine, during World War II. In the interwar period, the city was known as Łuck and was part of the Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939) in the Second Polish Republic.
- By
- SS in Lutsk
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Lódz Ghetto sentry shoots mentally ill woman
A German guard in the Lódz Ghetto ordered a mentally ill Jewish woman to dance; after she obeyed, he shot her in the head.
- By
- Unknown
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Minsk Ghetto
The Minsk Ghetto is established.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Nazi ghettoization of Vitebsk Jews
After conquering the city in July 1941, the Germans imprisoned the 16,000 remaining Jews in a ghetto.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Nazi raid on Vilna ghetto leaves 3,000 dead at Ponary
During a Nazi raid on the Vilna ghetto in Lithuania, 3,000 people were taken to Ponary and killed. Among them was Serna Morgenstern, whom an SS officer praised as beautiful and told she could leave, then shot in the back.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Vilnius (Vilna), Lithuania
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Olkusz Ghetto
Olkusz Ghetto was a ghetto for the Jewish population that existed in Olkusz during the German occupation of Poland. The ghetto was created in September 1941 and encompassed the north-eastern part of the city, as well as the nearby villages of Parczew, Sikorka and Słowiki.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Olkusz, Lesser Poland, Poland
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Prague physician Karol Boetim dies of typhus near Lódz
Dr. Karol Boetim, a Jewish doctor from Prague, Czechoslovakia, contracted spotted typhus and died while caring for patients in a Gypsy (Roma) camp close to the Lódz Ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Prague, Bohemia, Czech Republic
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Radom Ghetto
The Radom Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto set up in March 1941 in the city of Radom during the Nazi occupation of Poland, for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Polish Jews. It was closed off from the outside officially in April 1941.
- By
- SS, Order Police battalions
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Removal of Grodzisk Mazowiecki Jews to the Warsaw ghetto
In February 1941 the deported Leszno Jews were taken with the Jews of Grodzisk Mazowiecki to the Warsaw ghetto.
- By
- Nazi German authorities
- Where
- Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Masovia, Poland
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Residence restriction and curfew for Jews
Jews were forbidden to live outside Antwerp, Brussels, Liège and Charleroi and were subjected to a nightly curfew.
- By
- German occupation authorities
- Where
- Belgium
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Rovno Ghetto
The Rovno Ghetto (also: Równe or Rivne Ghetto, Yiddish: ראָװנע) was a World War II Nazi ghetto established in December 1941 in the city of Rovno, western Ukraine, in the territory of German-administered Reichskommissariat Ukraine. On 6 November 1941, about 21,000 Jews were massacred by Einsatzgruppe C and their Ukrainian collaborators.
- By
- Einsatzgruppe C, Order Police battalions, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
- Where
- Rivne (Równe), Volhynia, Ukraine
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Siedlce Ghetto
The Siedlce Ghetto (Polish: Getto w Siedlcach), was a World War II Jewish ghetto set up by Nazi Germany in the city of Siedlce in occupied Poland, 92 kilometres (57 mi) east of Warsaw. The ghetto was closed from the outside in early October 1941.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Slovak, Bohemian and Moravian Jews forced into ghettos
Jews in Slovakia, Bohemia and Moravia were driven out of their homes and confined to ghettos.
- By
- Unknown
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Stanisławów Ghetto
Stanisławów Ghetto (Polish: getto w Stanisławowie, German: Ghetto Stanislau) was a ghetto established in 1941 by Nazi Germany in Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk) in German occupied Poland (today Ukraine). After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the town was incorporated into District of Galicia, as the fifth district of the General Government.
- By
- Nazi Germany in Stanisławów
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Słonim Ghetto
The Słonim Ghetto (Polish: getto w Słonimiu; Belarusian: Слонімскае гета; German: Ghetto von Slonim; Yiddish: סלאָנים) was a Nazi German ghetto established in 1941 by the SS in Slonim, Western Belarus, German-occupied Poland during World War II. Prior to 1939, the town (Słonim) was part of the Second Polish Republic.
- By
- SS in Slonim
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Tarnopol Ghetto
The Tarnopol Ghetto (Polish: getto w Tarnopolu, German: Ghetto Tarnopol) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the Schutzstaffel (SS) in the prewar Polish city of Tarnopol (now Ternopil, Ukraine).
- By
- Schutzstaffel
- Where
- Ternopil (Tarnopol), Galicia, Ukraine
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Theresienstadt ghetto established
A ghetto was set up in Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia.
- By
- Ghetto in Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia
2 sources
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Transfer of Jews from Warsaw district into the ghetto
Some 72,000 Jews from the surrounding district were forced into the already overcrowded ghetto, raising the number of refugees there to 150,000.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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Twenty trains bring 20,000 Jews to the Lódz Ghetto
Twenty trains brought close to 20,000 Jews to the Lódz Ghetto from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg and Germany.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- GermanyLuxembourgCzechoslovakia (several countries)
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Vawkavysk Ghetto
The Vawkavysk Ghetto (also known as the Wołkowysk Ghetto, Volkovysk Ghetto, or Vaŭkavysk Ghetto) was established in Vawkavysk, in what is now Belarus in the summer of 1941, lasting until January 1943. More than 10,000 people were killed in the ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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Vitebsk Ghetto
Vitebsk Ghetto or Witebsk Ghetto was a short-lived ghetto in the town of Vitebsk in modern-day Belarus. It was created soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union; immediately after the Nazis took control of the town on 11 July 1941.
- By
- Nazi Germany
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)3 sources
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Warsaw Ghetto reaches 400,000 amid starvation rations
The Warsaw Ghetto's population grew to 400,000. Jews received 183 calories daily (against 2,310 for Germans, 1,790 for foreigners and 934 for Poles) and were refused fuel, so many froze to death.
- By
- Unknown
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Węgrów Ghetto
The Węgrów Ghetto in Węgrów, Poland existed during 1941–1943. It was established in the Jewish quarter of Węgrów.
- By
- Unknown
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Yanis Lipke and Janis Briedys rescue Jews from Riga Ghetto
Two non-Jewish Latvians, Yanis Lipke and Janis Briedys, succeeded in getting ten Jews secretly out of the Riga ghetto, and Lipke planned to build a hiding place for Jews under his house.
- By
- Unknown
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Łomża Ghetto
The Łomża Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto created by on 12 August 1941 in Łomża, Poland; for the purpose of persecution of Polish Jews. Two months after Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Jews were ordered to move there in a single day, resulting in panic at the main entry on Senatorska Street adjacent to the Old Market (Stary Rynek).
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Šiauliai Ghetto
The Šiauliai or Shavli Ghetto was a Jewish ghetto established in July 1941 by Nazi Germany in the city of Šiauliai (Yiddish: שאַװל, Shavl) in Nazi-occupied Lithuania during the Holocaust. The ghetto comprised two areas – one in the Kaukazas suburb and one on Trakai Street.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Švenčionys Ghetto
Švenčionys, Svintsyan or Święciany Ghetto was a Jewish ghetto in Nazi-occupied Švenčionys (pre-war Second Polish Republic, post-war Lithuanian SSR). It operated from July 1941 to April 1943.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Augsburg's last Jews ghettoized and deported
The remaining Jews of Augsburg were forced into a ghetto and then deported to Piaski, Riga and Theresienstadt.
- By
- Nazis
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Bershad ghetto under German and Romanian occupation
After occupying Bershad and including it in Transnistria, the occupiers set up a ghetto and sent in 25,000 Jews deported from Bessarabia and Bukovina, many of whom died of hunger and disease in overcrowded conditions.
- By
- Germans and Romanians
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Brzesko Ghetto
Brzesko Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto during World War II in occupied Poland. The ghetto was created by the Third Reich in 1941 in the Polish town of Brzesko located in the Kraków District about 40 miles from Kraków.
- By
- Third Reich
- Where
- Poland
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Ghettoization of the Jews of Bielsk
An open ghetto was established in August 1941 and then sealed with barbed wire in February 1942, cutting off the Jews from outside contact.
- By
- Germans
- Where
- Bielsk Podlaski, Podlaskie, Poland
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Marcinkonys Ghetto
Marcinkonys or Marcinkańce Ghetto was a small Jewish ghetto established during the Holocaust in Marcinkonys (pre-war Second Polish Republic, war-time Bezirk Bialystok, post-war Lithuanian SSR). It existed from around November 1941 to November 1942 and housed 300 to 400 Jews.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Marcinkonys, Lithuania
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Mir Ghetto
The Mir Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto in Mir, Belarus during World War II. It housed at least 3,000 Jews, of whom about 2,900 were exterminated as part of the Holocaust.
- By
- German forces and collaborators
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Mogilev Ghetto
The Mogilev Ghetto (Belarusian: Магілёўская гета, romanized: Mahilioŭskaja hieta; Russian: Могилёвское гетто, romanized: Mogilyovskoye getto) was a Nazi ghetto in the city of Mogilev, in eastern Belarus, during World War II.
- By
- Einsatzgruppen, Einsatzkommando, Belarusian Auxiliary Police, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
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Rakaw Ghetto
The Rakaw Ghetto was established on 21 August 1941 in Rakaw, in the Byelorussian SSR of the Soviet Union (now Belarus), soon after the city's capture by Nazi Germany during Operation Barbarossa. An estimated 1,050 Jews were killed in the ghetto between its creation on 21 August 1941 and its liquidation on 4 February 1942.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Svislach Ghetto (Mogilev region)
The Ghetto in Svisloch was a ghetto for the forcefully relocated Jews of Svisloch in the Osipovichi district (Belarus), and nearby settlements.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Svislach, Mogilev Region, Belarus
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Zhabinka Ghetto
Zhabinka Ghetto (1941 — October 21, 1942) was a Nazi Jewish ghetto and a place of forced relocation for the Jews of the town of Zhabinka in the Zhabinka district of the Brest region during the persecution and extermination of Jews under the Nazi occupation of Belarus during World War II.
- By
- Nazi occupation
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Daugavpils Ghetto
Following the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany in the summer of 1941, the Daugavpils Ghetto (German: Ghetto Dünaburg) was established in an old fortress near Daugavpils. Daugavpils is the second largest city in Latvia, located on the Daugava River in the southeastern, Latgale, region of Latvia.
- By
- Erich Ehrlinger, Joachim Hamann, Günter Tabbert, Roberts Blūzmanis
- Where
- Daugavpils, Latgale, Latvia
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)2 sources
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Lwów Ghetto
The Lwów Ghetto (German: Ghetto Lemberg; Polish: getto we Lwowie) was a Nazi ghetto in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) in the territory of Nazi-administered General Government in German-occupied Poland. The ghetto, set up in the second half of 1941, was liquidated in June 1943; all its inhabitants who survived prior killings were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp and the Janowska concentration camp.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Lviv (Lwów), Galicia, Ukraine
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Riga Ghetto
Riga Ghetto was a small area in Maskavas Forštate, a neighbourhood of Riga, Latvia, where Nazis forced Jews from Latvia, and later from the German "Reich" (Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and Moravia), to live during World War II. On October 25, 1941, the Nazis evicted the ghetto's non-Jewish inhabitants and relocated all Jews from Riga and its vicinity there.
- By
- Hans-Adolf Prützmann, Franz Walter Stahlecker, Hinrich Lohse, Friedrich Jeckeln, Kurt Krause, Eduard Roschmann
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)3 sources
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Vilna Ghetto
The Vilna Ghetto was a World War II Jewish ghetto established and operated by Nazi Germany in the city of Vilnius in the modern country of Lithuania, at the time part of the Nazi-administered Reichskommissariat Ostland. During the approximately two years of its existence, starvation, disease, street executions, maltreatment, and deportations to concentration and extermination camps reduced the ghetto's population from an estimated 40,000.
- By
- Nazi Germany
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)2 sources
About this entry
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Nowy Sącz Ghetto
The Nowy Sącz Ghetto – known in German as Ghetto von Neu-Sandez and in Yiddish as צאנז (Tsanz; Zanc) or נײ-סאנץ (Nay-Sants; Nojzanc) – was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi Germany for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Polish Jews in the city of Nowy Sącz pronounced [ˈnɔvɨ ˈsɔnt͡ʂ] during the occupation of Poland (1939–45).
- By
- Nazi SS, Orpo police battalions
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Warsaw Ghetto
German authorities sealed over 400,000 Jews into the Warsaw Ghetto. Most were deported to Treblinka in 1942, and the ghetto was destroyed after the uprising of April–May 1943.
- By
- Nazi Germany
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)6 sources
- Wikipedia: Warsaw Ghetto (opens in a new tab)
- Wikipedia: Timeline of the Holocaust (opens in a new tab)
- Jewish Virtual Library: Timeline of Jewish Persecution in the Holocaust (opens in a new tab)
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia: 1940 Key Dates (opens in a new tab)
- Encyclopaedia Judaica: Warsaw (opens in a new tab)
- Encyclopaedia Judaica: Ghetto (opens in a new tab)
About this entry
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Semi-internment of Jews in Shanghai's Hongkew district
After the Pacific war began, the Japanese occupation authorities confined most Jews in Shanghai to a semi-internment regime in the Hongkew district under miserable conditions. They were subject to arbitrary treatment, had trouble finding work, and had most of their property confiscated.
- By
- Japanese occupation forces
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Mordechai Anielewicz, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising commander
Mordechai Anielewicz led the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
- By
- Unknown
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Destruction23
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Bombing of main synagogue and fine in Kremenets
In August 1941 the Germans bombed the main synagogue and extracted a fine of 11 kg of gold from the Jewish community.
- By
- Germans
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Bombing of seven Parisian synagogues
Seven synagogues in Paris were attacked with explosives in a night operation instigated by the German SD and carried out by French Fascists led by Eugène Deloncle.
- By
- German SD and French Fascists led by Eugène Deloncle
- Where
- Paris, Île-de-France, France
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Burning of Osijek main synagogue and destruction of cemetery
A mob of Germans, Volksdeutsche and ustaše burned the main synagogue and destroyed the Jewish cemetery.
- By
- Germans, Volksdeutsche and ustaše mob
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Burning of Torah scrolls in Kovel
Germans gathered about 200 Torah scrolls from the synagogues and burned them.
- By
- German occupation forces
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Defacing of Trieste synagogue and community headquarters
The synagogue facade and community offices were defaced with antisemitic slogans and red ink.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy
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Desecration of Belgrade synagogues and ban on communal activity
The Ashkenazi synagogue was turned into a brothel and the Bet Yisrael synagogue into a storehouse, later blown up; communal activities were forbidden.
- By
- German occupiers
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Desecration of Kalisz Jewish cemetery
Jews were forced to dismantle tombstones from the Jewish cemetery so they could be used for paving.
- By
- German occupation authorities
- Where
- Kalisz, Greater Poland, Poland
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Desecration of the Scuola grande in Padua
Fascist bands vandalized and desecrated the interior of the Scuola grande synagogue in Padua.
- By
- Fascist bands
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Ferrara synagogue devastated by fascists
Fascists wrecked the synagogue of Ferrara.
- By
- Fascists
- Where
- Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
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German looting, eviction and confiscation of Belgrade Jewish property
After occupying Belgrade, the Germans, aided by local Volksdeutsche, looted Jewish shops and homes, evicted Jews and confiscated their property.
- By
- German occupiers
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Odessa Jews marched to Dalnik and massacred
Sixteen thousand Jews from Odessa, Ukraine, were driven on foot to Dalnik, tied together 40 to 50 at a time and shot, first outdoors and then through holes bored into warehouse walls. Three warehouses were burned and artillery blew up a fourth.
- By
- Unknown
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Plunder of Salonika Jewish books and manuscripts
A German delegation came to Salonika to seize the community's valuable Hebrew books and manuscripts and ship them to a Nazi institute in Frankfurt.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Sarajevo's main synagogue looted and destroyed
In Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, German soldiers and local Muslims plundered and wrecked the main synagogue.
- By
- German forces
2 sources
About this entry
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Thousands of Kovno Jews executed at a synagogue
Several thousand Jews from Kovno, Lithuania, mainly women and children, were held in the local synagogue for three days and then executed there.
- By
- Lithuanian partisans under Klimaitis
- Where
- Kaunas (Kovno), Lithuania
2 sources
About this entry
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Ustashe demolish the Zagreb synagogue
The pro-Nazi Ustashe completely demolished Zagreb's synagogue, which had been inaugurated in 1867.
- By
- Ustashe
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Iron Guard antisemitic terror and seizure of Jewish businesses
After the National-Legionary State was declared, Jewish shops were confiscated and marked, enterprises were forcibly transferred to Legion members, and owners were arrested and tortured while homes were robbed.
- By
- Iron Guard (legionary police)
- Where
- Romania
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Repression and confiscation of Jewish property under Antonescu
After Antonescu took power, Bacau's Jews faced repression, with their property and shops confiscated and part of the Jewish cemetery turned to agricultural use.
- By
- Antonescu regime
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Looting and destruction of Fontainebleau synagogue
During the German occupation in World War II, the town's 1857 synagogue was looted and destroyed, and its porcelain candelabrum donated by Napoleon III was smashed.
- By
- German occupation forces
- Where
- Fontainebleau, Île-de-France, France
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Nazi destruction of the Quai Kléber synagogue
The Nazis burned the synagogue built in 1898 and systematically erased all traces of it.
- By
- Nazis
- Where
- Strasbourg, Alsace, France
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Nazi looting of Dijon synagogue
During the German occupation the synagogue was stripped of its interior and used as a Nazi warehouse.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Destruction of the old Jewish cemetery
The old cemetery was destroyed during the war for a town planning project, though a small plot with Moses Sofer's tomb was spared.
- By
- Municipal authorities
- Where
- Bratislava, Slovakia
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Plunder of Metz synagogues by German soldiers
German soldiers plundered and defiled the two synagogues and destroyed the workhouse, and the great synagogue became a military warehouse.
- By
- German soldiers
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Nazi plunder
Nazi plunder: Nazi looting in WWII.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Nazi-occupied Europe (several countries)Germany
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Genocide222
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"Bloody Sunday" massacre of Jews at Stanislawów
Gestapo agents and Ukrainian militia murdered between 10,000 and 12,000 Jews beside burial pits near Stanislawów, Ukraine, after which the German killers held a "Bloody Sunday" victory party.
- By
- Gestapo agents and Ukrainian militia
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1,200 Jews arrested at Chernovtsy; 682 executed
Local Einsatzgruppen in Chernovtsy, Romania, arrested 1,200 Jews, and German and Romanian police shot 682 of them.
- By
- German and Romanian police
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14,000 Bosnian Jews deported to camps
Fourteen thousand Jews from Bosnia were sent to regional camps.
- By
- Unknown
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150,000 Jews deported to Transnistria; 90,000 die
Of the 150,000 Jews sent to Transnistria, 90,000 died.
- By
- Unknown
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1941 Białystok massacres
1941 Białystok massacres: Mass murders of Jews in Białystok during Second World War. Deaths: 6500.
- By
- Ernst Weiss, Heinrich Schneider, Otto Bradfisch, Max Montua, Gustav Waldow, Gottlieb Nagel
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1941 Odessa massacre
1941 Odessa massacre: massacre of Jews in Odessa during the Holocaust. Deaths: 25000.
- By
- Romanian control
- Where
- Odesa, Transnistria, Ukraine
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1941 Paris synagogue attacks
On the night of October 2–3, 1941, six synagogues were attacked in Paris and damaged by explosive devices places by their doors between 2:05 and 4:05 am. The perpetrators were identified but not arrested.
- By
- Milice and Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire
- Where
- Paris, Île-de-France, France
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)3 sources
About this entry
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300 young Amsterdam Jews sent to Mauthausen quarries
Three hundred young Jews from Amsterdam, Holland, were deported to the stone quarries of Mauthausen concentration camp, and every one of them would die.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
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4,000 Paris Jews deported, mostly to Pithiviers
Roughly 4,000 Jews were deported from Paris, the majority to Pithiviers, a camp in France.
- By
- German occupation authorities
- Where
- Paris, Île-de-France, France
2 sources
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4,300 Paris Jews sent to Drancy, first of 70,000
Some 4,300 Jews were taken from Paris to the French transit camp of Drancy, the first of 70,000 who would pass through it to extermination camps, mainly Auschwitz-Birkenau.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Paris, Île-de-France, France
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40,000 Jews deported from Kraków
Kraków, Poland, saw 40,000 of its Jews deported.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Kraków, Lesser Poland, Poland
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48,000 Jews killed at Odessa and Kiev
As German forces advanced toward Moscow, SS killings of Soviet Jews intensified, with 48,000 murdered at Odessa and Kiev, Ukraine.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Abraham Weintraub attacks German officer at Mielnica
During an Einsatzkommando Aktion, a murder operation, in Mielnica, Ukraine, a Jew, Abraham Weintraub, leapt at a German officer and smashed his teeth; Weintraub was shot on the spot.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Melnytsia-Podilska, Podolia, Ukraine
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Actor Joachim Gottschalk and family die to escape deportation
Joachim Gottschalk, a well-known German film actor, took his own life and those of his family instead of letting his Jewish wife and their child be deported to likely death.
- By
- Unknown
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After Hitler's authorization in September, German authorities began deporting German, Austrian, and Czech Jews from Nazi Germany and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to ghettos, killing sites, camps, and killing centers.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Baltic states (several countries)
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Aktion 3
Aktion 3: Code name for the expropriation of German Jews in Nazi Germany.
- By
- Unknown
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Anti-Jewish excesses and mass arrests after German occupation of Liepaja
Immediately after occupying the city, the Germans carried out violent attacks on Jews and arrested many of them.
- By
- German occupiers
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Antwerp Pogrom
Antwerp Pogrom (also known as part of the Holocaust in Belgium). Deaths: 0.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Belgium
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)3 sources
About this entry
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April Gestapo officials negotiate agreements with representatives of the German army and Armed Forces High Commands, defining the authority and activity of mobile German Security Police and SD units, known as Einsatzgruppen, behind the front after the planned invasion of the Soviet Union.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Army High Command approves Einsatzgruppen tasks in USSR
The German High Army Command signed off on the Einsatzgruppen's role in the Soviet Union, as set out by the RSHA and Reinhard Heydrich.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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As the result of a meeting of the top Nazi leaders the previous day, Hitler entrusts Heinrich Himmler with responsibility for all security behind the front lines in the occupied Soviet territories. In the next days and weeks, Himmler appoints three Higher SS and Police Leaders Russia-North, Russia-Center, and Russia-South to coordinate and expand mass killing operations initiated by Einsatzgruppe personnel.
- By
- Einsatzgruppe personnel
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At the Auschwitz concentration camp, SS functionaries perform their first gassing experiments using Zyklon B. The victims are Soviet prisoners of war.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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August 1941 roundup and killing of Jewish men
On August 7, 1941, 1,200 Jewish men were seized in the streets and about 1,000 were killed.
- By
- German occupiers and Lithuanians
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Auschwitz-Birkenau established
Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) was set up, first intended to hold large numbers of captured Soviet soldiers; it later became a killing center.
- By
- Soviet Union
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Babi Yar massacre
On 29–30 September 1941, German forces shot 33,771 Jews at the Babi Yar ravine outside Kiev, one of the largest single massacres of the Holocaust.
- By
- SS Einsatzgruppe C and German police, with local auxiliaries
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)3 sources
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Babi Yar: 33,771 Jews shot near Kiev
In reprisal for German troops killed on September 24 by Soviet booby traps in Kiev, 33,771 Jews were shot in the ravine of Babi Yar, Ukraine. Sonderkommando 4a commander Paul Blobel organized the massacre.
- By
- Sonderkommando
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Belgrade Jews firebomb Nazi cars
In five separate attacks, Jews in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, hurled gasoline bombs at Nazi vehicles.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Belorussians murdered for refusing to bury Jews alive
Einsatzkommandos ordered Belorussians to bury Jews alive; those who refused were murdered along with the Jews.
- By
- Einsatzkommandos
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Bessarabian Jews are massacred by the Wehrmacht, the Romanian Army, and Einsatzgruppe D.
- By
- Wehrmacht
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Bila Tserkva massacre
The Bila Tserkva massacre was the mass murder of Jews, committed by the Nazi German Einsatzgruppe with the aid of Ukrainian auxiliaries, in Bila Tserkva, Soviet Ukraine, on August 21–22, 1941. When the Jewish adult population of Bila Tserkva was killed, several functionaries complained that some 90 Jewish children were left behind in an abandoned building, and had to be executed separately.
- By
- Einsatzgruppen, 6th Army, 295th Infantry Division, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
- Where
- Bila Tserkva, Kyiv, Ukraine
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British codebreakers learn of massacres of Soviet Jews
Intercepting German army radio messages from the Soviet Union, British codebreakers discovered that the Nazis were massacring Soviet Jews.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Burning of the Riga synagogues
The burning of the Riga synagogues occurred in 1941, during the first days of the Nazi German occupation of the city of Riga, the capital and largest city in the country of Latvia. Many Jews confined in the synagogues died in the fires.
- By
- Franz Walter Stahlecker, Viktors Arājs, Herberts Cukurs
CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)2 sources
About this entry
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Chelmno death camp opens
The Chelmno death camp in Poland began operating.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Chełmno, Greater Poland, Poland
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Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs
Collaboration of the Vichy regime with the Holocaust: 29 March 1941: creation of the Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs (CGQJ), with Xavier Vallat as the first commissioner. 11 May 1941 – Creation of the French Institute for Jewish Affairs, an antisemitic propaganda agency, financed by the Nazis (Theodor Dannecker) and directed by French antisemitic agitators Paul Sézille (fr), René Gérard (fr) and others.
- By
- Nazis
- Where
- France
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Croatian law exempts half-Jews from deportation
Under Croatian law, people with only one Jewish parent were shielded from deportation.
- By
- Unknown
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December 9 German SS and police units and their Latvian police auxiliaries conduct a mass killing action of Jews from the Riga ghetto. They murder at least 25,000 Latvian Jews in the nearby Rumbula Forest.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Decree on seizing Jewish property through deportation
A declaration was issued governing how Jewish assets were to be collected by means of deportations.
- By
- Unknown
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Deportation and murder of Sarajevo Jews in Ustashi camps
Sarajevo Jews were deported between September and November 1941 to Ustashi camps such as Jasenovac, Loborgrad and Djakovo, where they were exterminated; survivors were later sent to Auschwitz.
- By
- Germans and Ustashi (Croatian fascists)
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Deportation of 50 Jewish men from Novy Dvor to concentration camps
A few days after the Nazis entered the town at the end of June 1941, 50 Jewish men were deported to concentration camps.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Deportation of Bamberg Jews
The roughly 300 Jews remaining in Bamberg at the end of 1941 were deported to Riga, Izbica/Lublin, Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz.
- By
- Nazi regime
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-
Deportation of Bayreuth Jews to Riga
Sixty Jews from Bayreuth were deported to Riga.
- By
- Nazi authorities
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-
Deportation of Chemnitz Jews to the East
Presumably from the end of 1941, Jews who could not emigrate were deported eastward.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Deportation of Fulda Jews to Riga
131 Jews of Fulda who had been unable to leave were deported to Riga.
- By
- Unknown
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Deportation of Gdansk Jews to Warsaw and Theresienstadt
In February and March 1941, 395 Jews were deported to Warsaw and 200 residents of the Jewish old age home were sent to Theresienstadt.
- By
- Nazi authorities
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Deportation of Heilbronn Jews to the East
Jews who had not emigrated, together with Heilbronn Jews who had found refuge elsewhere, were deported to the East.
- By
- Nazi regime
- Where
- Heilbronn, Württemberg, Germany
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Deportation of Mihaileni Jews to Transnistria
During World War II the Jews of Mihaileni were deported to Transnistria. The text gives no exact year, only the war period.
- By
- Romanian authorities
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Deportation of Mikulov Jews to Nazi extermination camps
Many members of the Mikulov community were deported from Brno to Nazi extermination camps in 1941.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic
2 sources
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Deportation ordered for Jews of Germany's 1933 borders
Orders were issued to deport German Jews from Germany within its 1933 borders.
- By
- Nazi government
- Where
- Germany
2 sources
About this entry
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Destruction of Jewish communities in the Lithuanian provinces
Most provincial Jewish communities were wiped out in August and September 1941 by Germans and Lithuanian participants.
- By
- German forces and Lithuanian collaborators
- Where
- Lithuania
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During the month of July 1941, Einsatzkommando 9 murders approximately 5,000 Jews in Vilna (Wilno; Vilnius), Lithuania.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Vilnius (Vilna), Lithuania
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Einsatzgruppe 4a and Ukrainians kill 2,000 Jews in Lutsk
In Lutsk, 2,000 Jews were murdered by Einsatzgruppe 4a together with local Ukrainians.
- By
- Nazi Germany
2 sources
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-
Einsatzgruppen begin mass murder
The Nazi SS Einsatzgruppen started their campaign of mass killing.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Einsatzgruppen begin mass shootings in the occupied USSR
Mobile killing squads, the Einsatzgruppen, each covering a set area of the occupied Soviet territory, started shooting Jews wherever they found them, often aided by recruited local antisemites. By spring 1943 they had killed over a million Jews plus uncounted partisans, Gypsies, and Soviet state and Communist Party officials.
- By
- German invaders
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Einsatzgruppen machine-gun the Jews of Libau
In the Baltic port of Libau, Einsatzgruppen rounded up the Jews and shot them with machine guns at the naval base.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Baltic states (several countries)
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Einsatzgruppen massacre the Jews of Virbalis
Einsatzgruppen in Virbalis, a Soviet village, killed every adult Jew with machine guns and covered the bodies in lime. Local children were seized by their ankles and had their skulls smashed against walls and roads.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Einsatzgruppen murder Jews across Southern Russia
Across Southern Russia, the Einsatzgruppen carried out mass murders of Jews.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Einsatzkommando 11a murders 8,000 Jews in Kherson
On September 24–25, 1941, Einsatzkommando 11a murdered around 8,000 Jews of Kherson.
- By
- Einsatzkommando 11a
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-
Einsatzkommando 3 Killings
Einsatzkommando 3 Killings: mass killing of Lithuanian Jews from July to November 1941. Deaths: 137346.
- By
- German forces
- Where
- Lithuania
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Einsatzkommando kills over 1,000 Jews at Kishinev
At Kishinev, Romania, an Einsatzkommando murdered upward of 1,000 Jews.
- By
- Einsatzgruppe D, German and Romanian units
- Where
- Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova
2 sources
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Einsatzkommandos murder 14,000 Jews in Simferopol
In Simferopol, Ukraine, Einsatzkommandos killed over 14,000 Jews.
- By
- Einsatzkommandos in Simferopol
- Where
- Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
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Execution of 3,000 Jews in Poltava after re-registration
After a new registration order, the Germans executed 3,000 Jews, then hunted down and shot those who had evaded registration or hidden.
- By
- Germans
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-
Execution of Jewish men and murder of remaining Jews in Biržai
On August 8, 1941, Lithuanians shot 500 Jewish men, and the rest of the Jewish community was murdered soon afterward.
- By
- Lithuanians
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Execution of about 1,000 Jewish males near Szczebre
After capturing the town, German forces rounded up about 1,000 Jewish men, took them to the forest near Szczebre and shot them.
- By
- German Army
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Execution of the remaining Jews of Bauska
On September 30, 1941, all the remaining Jews of Bauska, about 800 people, were executed.
- By
- German occupiers
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-
February 1941 round-up and deportation to Mauthausen
The Germans arrested 425 men in the Jewish quarter, mistreated them and deported them to Mauthausen, where all of them died.
- By
- German occupation forces
- Where
- Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
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-
February raids in Amsterdam
February raids in Amsterdam: 1941 Nazi roundup.
- By
- Unknown
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-
First deportation train leaves Germany for Riga
The first of 19 transports departed Germany for Riga, Latvia. Over 10,600 Jews from the Riga Ghetto were seized and shot in the Rumbula Forest close by.
- By
- Unknown
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-
First gassings at Auschwitz using Zyklon B
- By
- Soviet Union
- Where
- Auschwitz, Lesser Poland, Poland
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First mass execution of hostages in Belgrade
The Germans shot 122 "Communists and Jews" in the first mass hostage execution.
- By
- German occupiers
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Further Aktionen in the Kaunas ghetto, August-December 1941
Another 4,000 ghetto residents were murdered in various Aktionen between August and December 1941.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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-
Gas-van killings begin at Chelmno
The Nazis started murdering Jews in gas vans at the Chelmno death camp, where 360,000 Jews had been killed by April 1943.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Chełmno, Greater Poland, Poland
2 sources
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-
General deportation of German Jews begins
Germany started deporting its Jews on a general scale.
- By
- Unknown
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German Jewish deportees reach Minsk
Several thousand Jews deported from Germany were brought to Minsk, Belorussia.
- By
- Unknown
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German Jews deported to the Lódz Ghetto
Jews from Germany were sent to the Lódz Ghetto.
- By
- Unknown
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German SS and police units and Lithuanian police auxiliaries murder 9,200 residents of the Jewish ghetto in Kovno (Kaunas; Kovne) in Fort IX on the edge of the city.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Kaunas (Kovno), Lithuania
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German execution of Jews in Chernobyl
After occupying the town, the Germans executed a large group of Jews on November 7.
- By
- German occupiers
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German policeman fires on Warsaw Ghetto funeral
A German policeman shot at a Jewish funeral in the Warsaw Ghetto, killing two mourners and injuring five others.
- By
- Unknown
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German troops enter Belgrade; Jewish homes ransacked
When German forces marched into Belgrade, Yugoslavia, a Jewish tailor spat at them and was shot dead. German soldiers and local ethnic Germans plundered Jewish shops and homes in the city.
- By
- Unknown
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German troops murder all 24,000 Jews of Uman
German soldiers gathered every one of Uman's 24,000 Jews at the town airport in Ukraine and murdered them.
- By
- German troops
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Germans hold "death banquet" after Cesis massacre
After massacring the Jews of Cesis, Latvia, German soldiers and security police celebrated with a Totenmahl ("death banquet").
- By
- Unknown
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Germans take Kiev; Zhitomir ghetto liquidated
Kiev fell to German forces, and the Zhitomir ghetto was liquidated, with 10,000 killed.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Göring orders Heydrich to prepare the "Final Solution"
In a letter, Hermann Göring directed Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the SS Reich Security Service, to evacuate and eliminate every Jew in German-controlled Europe, calling for "a complete solution of the Jewish question" there. This marked the start of the "Final Solution," the Nazi euphemism for murdering Europe's Jews.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Europe (several countries)
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Heinrich Himmler tasks the SS and Police Leader in Lublin District, SS General Odilo Globocnik, with implementing a plan to systematically murder the remaining Jews in the so-called General Government. This plan later becomes known as “Operation Reinhard.” The Operation Reinhard team is ultimately responsible for the murder of approximately 1.7 million Jews, most of them Polish Jews.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Lublin District, Poland
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Heydrich briefs Einsatzgruppen on the "Final Solution"
Reinhard Heydrich instructed the commanders of the Einsatzgruppen on carrying out the "Final Solution."
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Himmler orders the expansion of Auschwitz
- By
- Himmler
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Himmler plans Auschwitz expansion; Birkenau construction begins
SS leader Heinrich Himmler started planning to enlarge the Auschwitz complex, and work on the Auschwitz II-Birkenau camp got under way.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Himmler tells Höss Auschwitz will carry out the extermination
SS head Heinrich Himmler informed Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Höss that Hitler had ordered a definitive solution to the "Jewish question," to be carried out by the SS, with Auschwitz as the death camp handling most of the extermination of the Jews.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Hitler declares the'destruction of the Jewish race' to the Nazi Party leadership, orders the Holocaust, the genocide of European Jews
- By
- Hitler
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Hitler meets the grand mufti Hajj Amin al-Husseini
Hitler hosted Hajj Amin al-Husseini, grand mufti of Jerusalem, who promised to help exterminate the Jews and proposed recruiting Arabs to fight on Germany's side.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Hundreds of Jews slaughtered at Drogobych prison
With SS troops' consent, local police and militiamen at the Drogobych prison in Ukraine killed hundreds of Jews with guns, clubs and fists, leaving the streets filled with gravely wounded Jews trying to flee and mutilated bodies.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Hungary rounds up 18,000 Jewish refugees for deportation
The Hungarian government seized nearly 18,000 Jewish refugees in a mass roundup to deport them to Kamenets-Podolski, Ukraine.
- By
- Unknown
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Iași pogrom
Iași pogrom in Iași city was the incident where more than 13,266 Jews were killed by angry mobs of locals, and together with military personnel they exterminated about 1/3 of Jewish population in Romania.
- By
- Local mob
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In occupied France, German authorities open the internment camp at Beaune-la-Rolande to incarcerate both French Jews and foreign Jews residing in occupied France. The German authorities often interned Jews in Beaune-la-Rolande and other detention camps before transferring them to Drancy, from where the SS later deports them to the Auschwitz concentration camp and the Sobibor killing center.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Beaune-la-Rolande, Loiret, France
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-
Iron Guard coup in Romania: over 120 Jews killed
During a coup d'état by Romania's Iron Guard Legionnaires, violence against Jews erupted; thousands were beaten and more than 120 killed.
- By
- Iron Guard
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Iron Guard massacre of Jews in Iasi
Encouraged by dictator Ion Antonescu's antisemitic policies, Romanian Iron Guard Legionnaires set out to wipe out the Jews of Iasi, killing thousands.
- By
- Iron Guard
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-
Iron Guard rebellion violence against Bucharest Jews
During the Iron Guard revolt, legionnaires robbed Jewish shops, homes and synagogues, destroyed the Sephardi Great Temple, and murdered 125 Jews.
- By
- Iron Guard (legionnaires)
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-
Jedwabne pogrom
Jedwabne pogrom. Deaths: 380 to 1,600 Jews.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Poland
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Jewish Foreign Legion veterans sent to Sahara labor camps
Thousands of Jews who had served against Germany in 1940 in the French Foreign Legion were deported to the Sahara as slave laborers to build railroads.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- France
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Jewish resistance during Novogrudok massacre
As 5,000 Jews were being murdered at Novogrudok, Belorussia, 200 of them fought back and killed 20 Nazis before they were shot down.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Navahrudak, Belarus
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Jewish revolt at Tatarsk crushed by German forces
In Tatarsk, Soviet Russia, Jews rose up against peasants and SS killing squads who were murdering them. Regular Wehrmacht troops, backed by artillery and aircraft, suppressed the uprising.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Tatarsk, Smolensk Oblast, Russia
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-
July 1941 Aktion in Slonim
German troops rounded up 1,200 Jewish men and murdered them on the outskirts of Slonim.
- By
- German troops
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-
June 1941 round-up of 300 Jews sent to Mauthausen
The Germans rounded up another 300 Jews in Amsterdam and sent them to Mauthausen, where they died.
- By
- German occupation forces
- Where
- Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
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-
Jäger Report: 136,442 Lithuanian Jews murdered
SS Colonel Karl Jäger, head of Einsatzkommando 3 within Einsatzgruppe A, informed Berlin that 136,442 Lithuanian Jews, 85 percent of the community, had been killed since June 1941.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Kamenets-Podolski massacre of deported Jews
Jews who could not prove Hungarian citizenship were deported and then murdered near Kamenets-Podolski in late August 1941.
- By
- SS men and Hungarian troops
- Where
- Kamianets-Podilskyi, Podolia, Ukraine
2 sources
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-
Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre
Kamianets-Podilskyi Massacre: world War II mass shooting of Jews. Deaths: 23600.
- By
- Friedrich Jeckeln EinsatzgruppenPolice Battalion 320Royal Hungarian ArmyUkrainian Auxiliary Police
- Where
- Kamianets-Podilskyi, Podolia, Ukraine
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-
Kaunas pogrom
Kaunas pogrom: 1941 massacre of Jews in Kaunas, Lithuania. Deaths: 68.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Lithuania
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-
Killers sell clothing of murdered Jews in Ponas
Ukrainian and Nazi murderers sold off the clothes of the Jews they had killed in Ponas, Ukraine.
- By
- Ukrainian and Nazi killers
- Where
- Ukraine
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-
Killing of 411 Jews on August 1
German forces killed 411 people from the Kishinev ghetto. The 39 survivors who buried the dead were sent back to the ghetto to tell the others.
- By
- German forces
- Where
- Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova
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-
Kovno Jews murdered at Ninth Fort; hospital set ablaze
Nazis took 1,500 Jews from Kovno, Lithuania, to the Ninth Fort, where they were killed. In Kovno itself they locked the Jewish hospital and burned it, killing everyone inside.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Kaunas (Kovno), Lithuania
3 sources
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-
Kozlakowicze Aktion against 3,000 Jewish males
A few days after the first mass killing, 3,000 Jewish males, including elderly and children, were executed in the village of Kozlakowicze.
- By
- German occupation forces
- Where
- Kozlakowicze, Belarus
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Kragujevac massacre
Kragujevac massacre: 1941 massacre by Nazi forces in Serbia. Deaths: 2778.
- By
- Wehrmacht
- Where
- Kragujevac, Šumadija, Serbia
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Large-scale executions across Lithuania
Einsatzgruppe A, aided by local auxiliary police, carried out large-scale executions of Jews throughout the country.
- By
- Einsatzgruppe A and local auxiliary police
- Where
- Lithuania
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-
Last Jews of Warendorf deported and killed
Warendorf, Germany's final six Jewish residents were sent to Riga, Latvia, and murdered.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany
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Legionnaires' rebellion.
The Iron Guard attempts a coup d'état against Antonescu in the Legionnaires' rebellion. The Army suppresses the coup with aid from the Wehrmacht and the German Foreign Office, and executes a pogrom in Bucharest.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Liepāja massacres
German forces and Latvian collaborators killed around 5,000 Jews in the Liepāja massacres.
- By
- German
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Liquidation of 551 Jews on August 7
Unit 11a killed 551 Jews from the ghetto, falsely claiming they were communist agents.
- By
- Einsatzkommando 11a
- Where
- Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova
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Liquidation of the Shklov and Ryzhkovichi ghettos and murder of inhabitants
In early October 1941 the Germans liquidated both ghettos and murdered all of their inhabitants.
- By
- German occupiers
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-
London and New York papers report Kiev killings
Press reports in London and New York told of the Nazis murdering 52,000 Jews in the Ukrainian city of Kiev.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Lviv pogroms
Encouraged by the Nazis, Ukrainian militias and local mobs perpetrated the Lviv pogroms, killing around 6,000 Polish Jews.
- By
- Nazis
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Mass arrest and shooting of Jewish men of Belgrade
Some 5,000 Jewish men were arrested in July and August, held in camps, then taken in groups and shot in nearby forests.
- By
- German army units
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Mass executions by Einsatzkommando 3 in Lithuanian towns
A detachment of Einsatzkommando 3 with Lithuanian auxiliaries carried out killing actions in Raseiniai, Rokiskis, Zarasai, Birzai and Prienai, bringing the total murdered by the unit to 46,692.
- By
- Einsatzkommando 3 with Lithuanian partisans
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Mass murder of Jews in Czerewacha forest
By the end of 1941 thousands of Jews from Kovel had been murdered in the nearby forest of Czerewacha.
- By
- German occupation forces
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Mass murder of Jews in Jelgava by Einsatzkommando 2 and Latvian police
In the first week of the German occupation, five Aktionen killed many hundreds of Jews, some of them burned alive in synagogues.
- By
- Einsatzkommando 2 and Latvian police
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Massacres of Jews in Bessarabia, Bukovina and Dorohoi
Romanian and German troops massacred local Jews as they advanced through Bessarabia, Bukovina and the Dorohoi district. About half of the region's 320,000 Jews were murdered by Sept.
- By
- Romanian and German armies
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Murder of 1,150 Jews in first week of July 1941
German forces killed 1,150 Jews during the first week of July.
- By
- Nazi Germans
- Where
- Daugavpils, Latgale, Latvia
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-
Murder of 3,000 Jews at the Schkeden lighthouse
About 3,000 Jews from Liepaja, mostly men, were taken to the Schkeden lighthouse and killed.
- By
- German occupiers
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Murder of 3,500 Jews in Liepaja in December 1941
After Jews from surrounding towns were concentrated in Liepaja, another 3,500 were murdered on December 15 and 16.
- By
- German occupiers
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Murder of 5,000 Jews in Poltava
After occupying the city, the Germans killed about 5,000 Jews in a single action.
- By
- Germans
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Murder of 8,000 Jewish men near Pinsk
A month after taking Pinsk, the Germans rounded up 8,000 Jewish men, marched them outside the town and murdered them, burying them in mass graves.
- By
- German occupation forces
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Murder of Estonian Jews by Einsatzkommando 1a
Jews remaining in German-occupied Estonia were killed by the end of 1941 by Einsatzkommando 1a with help from Estonian Omakaitse units, including all men over 16 on October 12, making Estonia "judenfrei".
- By
- Einsatzkommando 1a and Estonian Omakaitse units
- Where
- Estonia
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Murder of Ovruch's Jews by SS Infantry Regiment
In September 1941 an SS infantry regiment murdered the Jews of Ovruch and its surroundings, reporting 516 victims.
- By
- 1st SS Infantry Regiment
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Murder of the Jews of Kelmė
After the German occupation of the town following the outbreak of war with the Soviet Union, most of Kelmė's Jews were killed in July and August 1941.
- By
- Germans
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Nachtigall battalion kills hundreds of Jews in Lvov after false rumor
Germans and Ukrainians circulated a false rumor blaming Jews for helping execute Ukrainian political prisoners, and riots broke out in Lvov, Ukraine. The Nachtigall battalion, a Gestapo-directed Ukrainian militia, murdered hundreds of Jews.
- By
- Nachtigall battalion
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-
Nazi executions of Jews in Dubno cemetery and a month later
The Nazis shot 80 Jews in the local cemetery in July 1941, and a month later killed 900 more.
- By
- Nazis
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Nazi mass murder of Jews and Krimchaks in Simferopol
After the Germans captured the city in November 1941, Sonderkommando 11b carried out executions and by mid-December had murdered over 10,000 Jews and about 2,500 Krimchaks.
- By
- Sonderkommando 11b
- Where
- Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
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Nazi murder of Gomel Jews
The Germans murdered thousands of Jews in Gomel in autumn 1941, including by gassing women and children in vans, and continued killing the remainder afterward.
- By
- German occupiers
- Where
- Homel (Gomel), Belarus
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-
Nazi troops murder Jews at Koritz
In Koritz, Ukraine, Nazi troops killed Jews and dug three burial pits, separately for men, women and children. Some Jews were buried alive, and the killers propped a man's corpse on top of one pit for amusement.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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-
Nazis gas Jews in forest near Chelmno
In woods near Chelmno, Poland, a site that was one of the six Nazi killing centers, Jews were murdered with gas; 2,300 died this way on the 8th alone.
- By
- Germany
- Where
- Koło, Greater Poland, Poland
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Nazis murder 300 Jewish intellectuals near Bialystok
In Poland's Bialystok region, the Nazis killed 300 Jewish intellectuals.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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-
Nikolaev massacre
Nikolaev Massacre: 1941 mass murder of Russian Jews.
- By
- Einsatzgruppe D under command of Otto Ohlendorf
- Where
- Ukraine
-
Ninth Fort Aktion of October 29, 1941
In an Aktion in the Slobodka ghetto, 9,200 Jews were killed at the Ninth Fort.
- By
- German occupation authorities
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Ninth Fort massacres of November 1941
Ninth Fort massacres of November 1941: Genocidal killings of nearly 5,000 Jews by German death squads during the Holocaust. Deaths: 4934.
- By
- Ninth Fort
- Where
- Ninth Fort, Kaunas, Lithuania
2 sources
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-
November 1941 executions of Jews in Daugavpils
On November 7–9, 3,000–5,000 Jews, including about 1,000 children, were executed.
- By
- Nazi Germans
- Where
- Daugavpils, Latgale, Latvia
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Odessa deportees murdered in Transnistria camps
Ten thousand Jews sent away from Odessa, Ukraine, were killed at the Acmecetka, Bogdanovka and Domanevka camps, Romania.
- By
- Unknown
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On Globocnik's orders, Wirth deploys teams of engineers, construction workers, and guards to Belzec, Sobibor, and Malkinia to construct the proposed Operation Reinhard killing centers.
- By
- Unknown
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Over 150,000 Jews killed in Bessarabia
In Bessarabia, in eastern Romania, Einsatzgruppen, Wehrmacht troops and the Romanian unit Esalon Special killed upward of 150,000 Jews.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Bessarabia, Moldova
2 sources
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Part of Auschwitz becomes a camp for Soviet POWs
Nine blocks of Auschwitz were converted into a camp holding Soviet prisoners of war.
- By
- Soviet Union
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-
Pavoloch massacre
The Pavoloch massacre was a mass killing during the Holocaust on September 5, 1941, in which the Ukrainian shtetl of Pavoloch was depopulated of Jews by the Einsatzgruppen.
- By
- Einsatzgruppen
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Pogrom and burning of synagogues in Daugavpils
After occupying the city, the Germans with local collaborators staged a pogrom against the Jews, and synagogues were burned or taken over by the army.
- By
- Nazi Germans with local collaborators
- Where
- Daugavpils, Latgale, Latvia
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-
Polish Jewish POWs murdered after four escape
Polish Jews moved in a sealed train to Konskowola from the Jewish POW camp at Biala Podlaska were murdered when the Nazi guards found that four prisoners had escaped.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Biała Podlaska, Lublin, Poland
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-
Pripyat Marshes massacres
Pripyat swamps: 1941 Ethnic cleansing of Jewish civilians in Eastern Europe during World War II. Deaths: 13788.
- By
- SS Cavalry Brigade, 162nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), 252nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
- Where
- Brest Region, Belarus
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Radziłów pogrom
The Radziłów pogrom (Polish: Pogrom w Radziłowie) was a World War II massacre committed on 7 July 1941 in the town of Radziłów, in German-occupied Poland. Local Poles, under SS orders or with German encouragement, forced most of the Jews of the town into a barn and set it on fire, Jews were also murdered in surrounding villages.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Reich Jews deported to Lodz, Riga and Minsk ghettos
German authorities started sending Reich Jews to the Lodz, Riga and Minsk ghettos.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Reich Marshall Hermann Göring charges Reinhard Heydrich, head of the RSHA, to take measures for the implementation of the “final solution of the Jewish question” —a euphemism for the mass murder of the Jewish population of Europe.
- By
- Unknown
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-
Romanian gendarmes remove ghetto inmates for forced labor
Romanian gendarmes took 500 men and 25 women out of the ghetto for forced labor. Only 200 were returned a week later, and the rest disappeared.
- By
- Romanian gendarmerie
- Where
- Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova
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-
Rumbula massacre
The Rumbula massacre is a collective term for incidents on November 30 and December 8, 1941, in which about 25,000 Jews were murdered in or on the way to Rumbula forest near Riga, Latvia, during World War II. Except for the Babi Yar massacre in Ukraine, this was the biggest two-day Holocaust atrocity until the operation of the death camps.
- By
- Friedrich Jeckeln, Rudolf Lange, Roberts Osis, Eduard Strauch, and others
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SS prepares Operation Reinhard and its killing centers
SS officials started planning Einsatz Reinhard (also called Operation or Aktion Reinhard), meant to murder the General Government's Jews. The work included building the Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka killing centers inside that territory.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- General Government, Poland
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SS raid on Amsterdam's Jewish Quarter; 400 sent to Buchenwald
In retaliation for the February 19 ammonia incident, SS troops raided Amsterdam's Jewish Quarter. Around 400 Jews were seized, beaten and sent to Buchenwald concentration camp, where some died under torture.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
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-
Second Nazi occupation of Bialystok; Jews burned in synagogue
The Nazis occupied Bialystok for the second time, and a German motorized unit burned hundreds of Jews alive inside a synagogue there.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Serbian Jews from Sajmiste killed in disguised gas vans
Over 15,000 Jews from Serbia were sent to the Sajmiste concentration camp in Yugoslavia and afterwards murdered in mobile gas vans made to look like Red Cross vehicles.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Belgrade (Sajmište), Serbia
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-
Slobodka pogrom
Lithuanian partisans, instigated by Einsatzgruppe A, carried out a pogrom in Slobodka in which 800 Jews were killed.
- By
- Lithuanian partisans at the instigation of Einsatzgruppe A
- Where
- Kaunas (Slobodka), Lithuania
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Slutsk massacre
The Slutsk affair was a mass killing that occurred near Slutsk, Byelorussian SSR in the Soviet Union from 27 to 28 October 1941. Members of the Gestapo and the Lithuanian Auxiliary Police launched an operation to liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Slutsk without proper authorisation.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Soviet deportation of Jewish communal leaders from Estonia
Shortly before the German invasion, about 500 Jewish communal leaders and wealthy congregants were arrested and deported to the Russian interior.
- By
- Soviet authorities
- Where
- Estonia
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Soviet deportation of Jews and others to Siberia
Shortly before the German attack, Soviet authorities deported people deemed politically unreliable, Jews among them, to Siberia and Soviet Asia. They were put into forced labor camps.
- By
- Soviet authorities
- Where
- Lithuania
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Szczuczyn pogrom
Szczuczyn pogrom was the massacre of some 300 Jews in the community of Szczuczyn carried out by its Polish inhabitants in June 1941 after the town was bypassed by the invading German soldiers in the beginning of Operation Barbarossa. The June massacre was stopped by German soldiers after Jewish women bribed them to intervene.
- By
- German soldiers
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Tens of thousands of Jews murdered across the western USSR
Across Latvia, Romania, Lithuania and the western Soviet Union, tens of thousands of Jews were killed by Germany's Einsatzgruppen, by Romanian militia and soldiers, by Lithuanian civilians and by Ukrainian peasants.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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The Einsatzgruppen begin extermination operations
- By
- Nazi Germany
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The Holocaust in Luxembourg
The Holocaust in Luxembourg: Holocaust in Luxembourg.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Luxembourg
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-
Tykocin pogrom
Tykocin pogrom. Deaths: 1,400–1,700 Jews.
- By
- German Einsatzkommando
- Where
- Poland
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About this entry
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Ukrainian militiamen massacre 28,000 Jews at Vinnitsa
At Vinnitsa, Ukraine, Ukrainian militiamen trained by the SS slaughtered 28,000 Jews.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Ukrainian violence and German extortion in Dubno
After the Germans arrived, local Ukrainians murdered and robbed Jews, and the Germans extorted 100,000 rubles from the Jewish community.
- By
- Local Ukrainian population and German occupiers
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Utena Massacre
Utena Massacre: killing of Lithuanian Jews near Utena in 1941/42. Deaths: 20.
- By
- Unknown
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Weekly deportations of Viennese Jews to Kielce and Lublin
Germans started deporting 1,000 Jewish men from Vienna each week to a ghetto in Kielce, Poland, and to a camp in Lublin, Poland.
- By
- German authorities
2 sources
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-
Wehrmacht occupies Kovno; 10,000 Jews to be murdered
The Wehrmacht took Kovno, Lithuania; 10,000 Jews there would be killed before July ended.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Work starts on Belzec extermination camp
Building began on a death camp at Belzec, Poland.
- By
- Unknown
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Deportation of Mannheim Jews to Gurs and Auschwitz
About 2,000 Jews were deported to Gurs in October 1940, and the rest were sent to Auschwitz a year later.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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Deportation of Kalisz Jews to Chelmno and Lodz ghetto
By the end of 1941 some 200 Jews were sent to the Chelmno death camp, and a few months later the remaining Jews were sent to the Lodz ghetto, leaving Kalisz judenrein.
- By
- German occupation authorities
- Where
- Kalisz, Greater Poland, Poland
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Deportation of Marburg Jews
Most remaining Jews of Marburg were deported or forced to leave in 1941–42, and only ten survived the war.
- By
- Nazi authorities
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Deportation of the remaining Jews of Worms
The remaining Jews of Worms were deported to concentration camps, and few survived.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
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Deportations of Jews from Bremen
About 500 Jews were deported directly from Bremen, including 180 from the Jewish old age home.
- By
- Nazi regime
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Deportations of Jews from Hanover
Deportations began in December 1941 and continued into 1942, reducing the Jewish population to about 300.
- By
- Nazi authorities
- Where
- Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Deportations of Kassel Jews to Riga, Majdanek and Theresienstadt
The remaining Jews of Kassel were deported to Riga in 1941 and to Majdanek and Theresienstadt in 1942.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Deportations of Nuremberg Jews
1,601 Jews were deported from Nuremberg to Riga, Izbica and Theresienstadt, with very few survivors.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Djakovo camp for Jewish women and children
A camp for Jewish women and children was set up in an old mill in Djakovo; women and children from Stara Gradiška were added, and after an epidemic the camp was liquidated and inmates sent to Jasenovac for extermination.
- By
- Ustaše authorities of the Independent Croatian State
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German massacres of Jews in Podolia
After invading the Soviet Union, the Germans systematically murdered Podolian Jews who could not flee east, in massacres lasting to the end of 1942.
- By
- Germans
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Internment and gassing of Belgrade Jewish women and children
About 6,000 Jewish women and children were arrested in December 1941 and sent to the Saymishte camp, where many froze to death, and the rest were killed in gas vans between February and May 1942.
- By
- German occupiers
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Killing of remaining Ludza Jews
The few hundred Jews who remained after the Lake Zorba massacre were killed in small actions, the last in May 1942.
- By
- German occupation forces
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Expulsion of Karlsruhe Jews to Gurs and deportation to Auschwitz
In October 1940, 895 Jews were expelled and interned at Gurs in southern France; most were later deported to Auschwitz in November 1942.
- By
- Nazi and Vichy authorities
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Deportation of Essen's Jews
Essen's remaining Jews were deported to Lodz, Minsk, Riga, Izbica, Theresienstadt and other destinations between 1941 and 1943.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Gully of Petrushino
Gully of Petrushino (Russian: Петрушинская балка), or Gully of Death (Балка смерти from German: Todesschlucht), is a site on the outskirts of Taganrog, Russia, at which 7,000 Soviet civilians, mostly Jews, were massacred between 1941 and 1943 by the German army, with the assistance of non-German divisions, during their occupation of Taganrog.
- By
- Otto Ohlendorf, Kurt Christmann
- Where
- Taganrog, Rostov Oblast, Russia
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Persecution and murder of Zagreb Jews during the Holocaust
After the German occupation of Zagreb in April 1941, Jews were persecuted, taken for forced labor and murdered. Survivors were sent to Jasenovac and Auschwitz in late 1942 and early 1943.
- By
- Germans and Ustashe
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The Holocaust in Romania
The Holocaust in Romania: The Holocaust as it developed in Romania.
- By
- Unknown
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Deportation of Halberstadt Jews
186 Jews were deported from Halberstadt between 1939 and 1942, and none returned.
- By
- Nazi authorities
- Where
- Halberstadt, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
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Deportations of Viennese Jews
Deportations began with transports to Nisko in October 1939 and continued until the last mass transport in September 1942, mostly to Theresienstadt and then Auschwitz.
- By
- Nazi regime
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Deportation of remaining Karlsruhe Jews to the east
The remaining 429 Jews and non-Aryans of Karlsruhe were deported to the east.
- By
- Nazi regime
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Finland deports refugee Jews to the Gestapo
Under German pressure, Finnish authorities let the Gestapo deport some refugee Jews, but stopped after the first transport of eight, of whom only one survived.
- By
- Finnish authorities and the Gestapo
- Where
- Finland
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Ponary massacre
The Ponary massacre (Polish: zbrodnia w Ponarach), or the Paneriai massacre (Lithuanian: Panerių žudynės), was the mass murder of up to 100,000 people, mostly Jews, Poles, and Russians, by German SD and SS and the Lithuanian Ypatingasis būrys killing squads, during World War II and the Holocaust in the Generalbezirk Litauen of Reichskommissariat Ostland.
- By
- SS Einsatzgruppe Lithuanian collaborators
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Arrest and deportation of Strasbourg rabbis and youth leader
Rabbis Hirschler, Brunschwig and Cyper and youth leader Léo Cohn were arrested and deported to death camps for their resistance and relief work.
- By
- Nazis
- Where
- France
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Deportation of Dijon Jews to Auschwitz
Ninety Jews from Dijon were killed at Auschwitz during the Nazi period.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Deportation of Leipzig Jews to the east
All remaining Jews of Leipzig were deported eastward in nine transports ending in February 1945.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Deportation of Wuerttemberg Jews via Stuttgart
Stuttgart served as the collection point for deporting all Wuerttemberg Jews to Riga, Izbica, Auschwitz and Theresienstadt. About 1,000 Stuttgart Jews died in deportation or camps.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Stuttgart, Württemberg, Germany
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Deportations of Berlin's Jews to ghettos and death camps
From autumn 1941 Berlin's Jews were deported in waves to the East, to Theresienstadt and to camps, where the great majority perished.
- By
- Nazi authorities
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Persecution, camp and deportation of Travnik Jews in World War II
The German-Croatian occupation violently suppressed the community and set up a concentration camp at nearby Kruščica. Survivors were deported and murdered elsewhere in Croatia or in Poland.
- By
- German-Croatian occupation authorities
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The Holocaust
Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered about six million Jews, roughly two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population, through mass shootings, extermination camps and other means.
- By
- Nazi Germany and its collaborators
- Where
- Nazi-occupied Europe (several countries)
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The Holocaust in Latvia
The Holocaust in Latvia: crimes against humanity committed by Nazi Germany and collaborators.
- By
- Nazi Germany and collaborators
- Where
- Latvia
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Nazi use of Kyjov camp to assemble and deport Jews
The Nazis used the Kyjov camp to gather the Jews of the town and district, and in early 1943 deported 2,852 people in three transports to Theresienstadt, from where they were sent on to Auschwitz.
- By
- Nazis
- Where
- Kyjov, Moravia, Czech Republic
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Zbylitowska Góra massacre
Zbylitowska Góra massacre: Mass executions of Jews and Poles carried out by Nazi German forces during the Second World War in Buczyna Forest near Zbylitowska Góra.. Deaths: 8000.
- By
- Schutzstaffel, Ordnungspolizei
- Where
- Zbylitowska Góra, Poland
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Deportation of Vercelli Jews during the Holocaust
Twenty-six Jews from Vercelli were sent to extermination camps during the Holocaust.
- By
- Nazi Germany and Italian Fascist authorities
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Deportation and killing of Jews of Phalsbourg in World War II
During the Second World War, nine Jews from Phalsbourg died while being deported and two others were shot.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Phalsbourg, Lorraine, France
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Deportation and murder of Krefeld Jews
Jews from Krefeld were deported to the East, mostly to Theresienstadt, while dozens were killed or driven to suicide in the city.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Krefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Deportation of Holesov Jews to extermination camps
Under the Nazi occupation, about 200 Jewish families were deported from Holesov to extermination camps.
- By
- Nazi occupation authorities
- Where
- Holešov, Moravia, Czech Republic
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Deportation of Munich Jews during the war
A total of 4,500 Jews were deported from Munich, many to Theresienstadt, and only about 300 returned.
- By
- Nazi regime
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Expulsion and deportation of Jews from Metz under German occupation
Under German occupation, Metz was made judenrein through brutal expulsions, and about 1,500 Jews died after deportation.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Expulsion of Colmar Jews and ransacking of synagogue in WWII
During World War II the Jews of Colmar were expelled from their homes and the synagogue was completely ransacked.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Holocaust denial
The Holocaust. About 6 million Jews, including about 1 million children, systematically killed by Nazi Germany and other Axis powers.
- By
- Nazi Germany and other
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The Holocaust
Nazi Germany carried out the Holocaust against the Jews.
- By
- Nazi Germany
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Holocaust murder of Eisenstadt Jews
One hundred and nine Jews from Eisenstadt were killed in the Holocaust.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Eisenstadt, Burgenland, Austria
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The Holocaust (Ha Shoah), resulting in the methodical extermination of nearly 6 million Jews across Europe.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Europe (several countries)
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About this entry
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The Holocaust in Poland
The Holocaust in Poland: genocide of Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland during World War II. Deaths: 3000000.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Poland
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The Holocaust in Ukraine
The Holocaust in Ukraine: aspect of Nazi Germany's extermination campaign (1941–1945).
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Ukraine
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Holocaust
Holocaust: in wide sense: Nazi genocides of Jews, Roma, homosexuals etc..
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Germany
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Kristallnacht
The Nazi German persecution started with the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in 1933, reached a first climax during Kristallnacht in 1938 and culminated in the Holocaust of European Jewry. The 1938 Evian Conference, the 1943 Bermuda Conference and other attempts failed to resolve the problem of Jewish refugees, a fact widely used in Nazi propaganda.
- By
- Nazi Germany
- Where
- Germany
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Historical summaries, partly AI-assisted and not individually reviewed, provided as is. They may contain errors; check the linked sources. How entries are made · Terms