What happened to the Jews in 1938 AD?

Anschluss: Austria annexed, Nazi laws imposed

German troops marched into Vienna. With the Anschluss, Germany annexed Austria, which at once fell under every antisemitic law in force in Germany.

By

Germany

Where

Germany

Anti-Jewish laws applied in Bologna

After the anti-Jewish laws took effect, Jewish teachers and students were expelled from public schools, 51 professors were retired from the university, foreign Jewish students were removed, and Jewish professionals were barred from practicing.

By

Fascist Italian government

Where

Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Anti-Jewish measures in Austria

Austria annexed by Nazi Germany (the Anschluss). All German anti-Jewish laws now apply in Austria.

By

Nazi Germany

Where

Austria

Anti-Jewish measures in Poland

Evian Conference: 31 countries refuse to accept Jews trying to escape Nazi Germany (with the exception of Dominican Republic). Most find temporary refuge in Poland.

By

Nazi Germany

Where

Poland

Antisemitic laws of the Cuza government

The Cuza government enacted antisemitic laws that stripped more Jews of their civic rights.

By

Cuza government of Romania

Where

Chișinău (Kishinev), Bessarabia, Moldova

Arrest of Viennese Jewish community leaders

Immediately after the Anschluss, the Nazis arrested the heads of the Jewish community and the Zionist organization.

By

Nazi regime

Where

Vienna, Austria

Aryanization of remaining Jewish businesses

All Jewish businesses still remaining were taken over and transferred to non-Jewish ownership.

By

Nazi regime

Where

Germany

Berlin Jewish community stripped of public corporate status

From March 28, 1938 the community lost its recognized status, was made a private organization and lost the right to collect dues.

By

Nazi government

Where

Berlin, Germany

Berlin bans Jews and confiscates their driving licenses

Jews lost their driving licenses, and Berlin introduced a "Ban Against Jews." Decrees ordered the forced sale ("Aryanization") of Jewish industrial firms and businesses, and directives called for pushing Jews out of German economic life.

By

Unknown

Where

Berlin, Germany

Boycott of Jewish businesses in Frankfurt

Jewish-owned businesses in Frankfurt, Germany, were subjected to a boycott.

By

Unknown

Where

Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany

Collective fine and confiscation of insurance payments

The Reich imposed a collective fine of one billion Reichmarks on the Jewish community, confiscated insurance compensation owed to Jews, and forced the community to clear the rubble of its ruined synagogues.

By

Nazi regime

Where

Germany

Curfews and exclusion from public places

Local authorities were empowered to impose curfews on Jews, and by December Jews were denied access to most public places.

By

Nazi regime

Where

Germany

Decree on Jews’ Passports is Adopted in Nazi Germany

By

Nazi Germany

Decree on Jews’ Possession of Weapons is Enacted in Nazi Germany

By

Nazi Germany

Denationalization of Bessarabian Jewish families

Over twenty-one thousand Jewish heads of families in Bessarabia lost their Romanian nationality.

By

Romanian government

Where

Bessarabia, Moldova

Fascist Italy's racial laws applied to Jews in Fiume

Italy's racial laws discriminated against Jews holding Italian citizenship, while foreign Jews were slated for internment in camps.

By

Fascist Italy

Where

Rijeka (Fiume), Croatia

German Jews fined one billion marks after Kristallnacht

Decrees imposed a one-billion-mark "atonement payment" on German Jews, ordered their removal from economic life, and made them pay to restore the fronts of all Jewish shops damaged on Kristallnacht. Jews were also banned from cinemas, concerts and other performances.

By

German Jews

Germany orders Jews to register assets over 5,000 marks

German authorities required every Jew to declare to officials any real estate and other holdings worth more than 5,000 marks. It was the opening move in seizing Jewish property, the "Aryanization" by which the Reich confiscated it and auctioned it to non-Jews.

By

Unknown

Hungary passes its first anti-Jewish law

Hungary enacted its first law curbing Jewish rights, capping at 20 percent the share of Jews employed in industry, trade, the liberal professions and Hungarian state service.

By

Hungary

Hungary, under Miklós Horthy, passes the first of a series of anti-Jewish measures emulating Germany's Nuremberg Laws.

By

Miklós Horthy

Italian anti-Jewish racial legislation in Libya

Racial laws introduced in late 1938 removed Jews from municipal councils, expelled some from government schools and marked their papers as "Jewish race".

By

Italian authorities

Where

Libya

Italian racial laws applied to Jews of Benghazi

Italian authorities implemented anti-Jewish racial legislation in Libya, removing Jews from municipal councils, public offices and state schools, and stamping their papers as "Jewish race."

By

Italian authorities

Where

Benghazi, Cyrenaica, Libya

Italian racial laws bar Libyan Jews from state schools

Under the anti-Jewish racial legislation of 1938, Jewish children could no longer attend state schools in Libya. The community had to organize its own education.

By

Italian government

Where

Libya

Italian racial laws imposed on Jews of Kos

The Italian anti-Jewish racial laws were applied to the Jews living on the island.

By

Italian government

Where

Kos, Dodecanese, Greece

Italian racial laws strip Jews of citizenship

Mussolini's racial laws deprived foreign-born Jews in Italy, including those in Sicily, of their Italian citizenship.

By

Mussolini's government

Where

Italy

Jewish community of Innsbruck ordered disbanded

In fall 1938 the community was ordered to disband and the rabbinate was dissolved.

By

Nazis

Where

Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria

Jews are banned from buying and selling goods under Decree on the Elimination of the Jews from Economic Life, and are fined $400 million to repair damage from Kristallnacht.

By

Unknown

Jews barred from German schools

Jewish children were excluded from schools in Germany on November 15.

By

Nazi regime

Where

Germany

Jews barred from public cultural events

Jews were banned from attending cultural events open to the public.

By

Unknown

Nazi Aryanization and confiscations after the Anschluss

After annexation, the Nazis Aryanized Jewish firms, confiscated community archives and seized Jews' passports.

By

Nazis

Where

Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria

Nazi terror, discriminatory laws and mass arrests in Vienna

After occupying Vienna in March 1938, the Nazis quickly imposed discriminatory laws, terror and mass arrests, sending many Jewish leaders to camps such as Dachau.

By

Nazi regime

Where

Vienna, Austria

Nazis force Jewish shops to display "Jewish business" signs

The Nazis compelled Jewish shopkeepers to mark their windows with the words "Jewish business".

By

Nazi Germany

Where

Germany

Nazis plan decree to eliminate Jews from German life

The Nazis settled on a decree to exclude every Jew from German economic, social and cultural life. Reinhard Heydrich proposed compelling all Jews to wear a badge.

By

Nazi Germany

Persecution of Jews in the Sudetenland

Following Nazi annexation of the Sudetenland after the Munich Conference, the Jews there were subjected to persecution similar to that in Austria.

By

Nazi Germany

Where

Sudetenland, Czech Republic

Police decree restricts Jews' movement in public

A police decree governed how Jews could appear in public, curbing where they could go and travel, among other restrictions.

By

Unknown

Racial Laws affect Turin Jews

The 1938 Racial Law struck the Jewish community of Turin, which was highly assimilated.

By

Italian Fascist government

Where

Turin, Piedmont, Italy

Racial laws applied to Jews of Cesena

After the racial laws were instituted, 12 families (45 people) with at least one Jewish parent were identified and discriminated against in Cesena.

By

Fascist Italian government

Where

Cesena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Racial laws imposed on the Jews of Trieste

Italian racial laws at the end of 1938 disrupted the Jewish community, causing conversions, resignations and emigration.

By

Italian Fascist government

Where

Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy

Swiss request for J stamp on German Jewish passports

The Swiss government asked Germany to mark Jewish passports with the letter J so that Jews could be barred from entering Switzerland while non-Jewish Germans were admitted.

By

Swiss government

Where

Switzerland

The German government completely prohibits Jews from practicing law

By

Unknown

The German government completely prohibits Jews from practicing medicine

By

Unknown

Anti-Jewish laws deprive Pécs Jews of livelihoods

Hungary's anti-Jewish laws of 1938 and 1939 stripped many Jews in Pécs of their livelihoods, forcing them into crafts.

By

Hungarian government

Where

Pécs, Hungary

First two major anti-Jewish laws in Hungary

The Hungarian government passed the first two major anti-Jewish laws, imposing severe social and economic restrictions on Jews, including those in Budapest. Christian church leaders supported them.

By

Hungarian government

Where

Hungary

Vargas regime restricts Jewish immigration to Brazil

After 1937 the Vargas government imposed restrictions on Jewish immigration, so German Jewish refugee families with farming experience could not get entry visas for the Rezende colony.

By

Vargas regime

Where

Brazil

Confiscation and forced sale of Jewish businesses (Arianisierung)

Jewish capital was increasingly confiscated and Jewish enterprises forced into sale, accompanied by arrests and other anti-Jewish measures.

By

Nazi government

Where

Germany

Aryanization of Jewish businesses in Leipzig

By 1938 about 1,600 Jewish businesses in Leipzig had been taken over in the Nazi aryanization process.

By

Nazi regime

Where

Leipzig, Saxony, Germany

Jewish children expelled from German public schools

Jewish pupils were removed from public schools and Jewish teachers were dismissed, forcing the community to set up its own schools.

By

Nazi German authorities

Where

Germany

Nazi terror, discrimination and boycotts against Munich Jews

After the Nazi seizure of power, Munich Jewry suffered continuous desecration, discrimination, terror and boycotts.

By

Nazi regime

Where

Munich, Bavaria, Germany

Anti-Jewish laws of the Fascist regime

Starting in 1938, Jews in Italy, including Alessandria, suffered under the regime's anti-Jewish laws.

By

Fascist regime

Where

Alessandria, Piedmont, Italy

Racial laws and exclusion of Venetian Jews

Following the racial laws issued in September 1938, the Jewish community of Venice suffered exclusion and racial discrimination until summer 1943.

By

Fascist Italian government

Where

Venice, Veneto, Italy

Nazi persecution drives Jews from Germany and Austria

After the Nazi Party took power in 1933, persecution forced very large numbers of Jews from Germany and Austria into exile.

By

Nazi Party

Where

Germany · Austria

Anti-Jewish measures in Germany

Persecution of Jews in Germany rises until they are stripped of their rights not only as citizens, but also as human beings. During this time antisemitism reached its all-time high.

By

S.A

Where

Germany

"Jewish benches" introduced in Polish universities

In the last years before World War II, Polish academic authorities assigned Jewish students separate benches at the back of lecture halls, leading to clashes.

By

Polish academic authorities

Where

Poland

Canada bars Jewish refugees in the 1930s

Despite desperate appeals from Jewish refugees and organizations, the Canadian government kept Jews out under a policy summed up by the phrase "none is too many."

By

Canadian government

Where

Canada

South African immigration restrictions aimed at Jewish refugees

Faced with agitation over refugees from Nazi Germany, South Africa introduced immigration restrictions intended to reduce Jewish arrivals, though without naming Jews in the laws.

By

South African government

Where

South Africa

Latin American restrictions on Jewish immigration

Latin American governments imposed economic, political, racial and religious restrictions to limit Jewish immigration during the Nazi era, tightening sharply from 1940.

By

Latin American governments

Where

Latin America (several countries)

Persecution of Kurdish Jews amid anti-Zionist propaganda in Iraq

Following the start of anti-Zionist propaganda in Iraq in 1925, persecution of Kurdish Jews intensified, peaking during the Rashid Ali revolt of 1941.

By

Unknown

Where

Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Brazil restricts immigration of Jewish refugees from Europe

Brazilian officials, with Oswaldo Aranha instrumental as minister and wartime foreign minister, limited the entry of Jewish refugees fleeing Europe.

By

Brazilian government (Oswaldo Aranha)

Where

Brazil