Massacre / pogrom4
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Punishment and executions of Jews in Hungarian towns by Haynau
Haynau punished several Jewish communities severely for supporting the uprising, executing and imprisoning some individuals and driving others to emigrate.
- By
- Haynau
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Hungary (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Anti-Jewish disturbances in Pezinok
Anti-Jewish disturbances swept the city during the Spring of Nations.
- By
- Unknown
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First Odessa pogroms
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Russian Empire (several countries)
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Frequent pogroms against the Jews of Meknès
After Meknès lost its status as capital in 1790, the Jewish community was repeatedly subjected to pogroms throughout the nineteenth century.
- By
- Unknown
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Forced conversion2
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Compulsory baptisms after the papal restoration
Once the old regime returned, Jews were forcibly baptized in places such as Sinigaglia and Ancona.
- By
- Papal authorities
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Rome (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Conscription of Jewish children into cantonist units in Russia
Russia made military service compulsory for Jews and placed minors in cantonist training units, where they were pressured, starved and tortured in order to make them convert. The system ran until its abolition in 1856, with an estimated 30,000-40,000 Jewish minors taken.
- By
- Russian government under Nicholas I
- Where
- Russian Empire (several countries)
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Discriminatory law22
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1849 law restricting Jewish settlement in Basel
The law barred further Jewish settlement beyond existing residents and their children, who could stay only at the government's pleasure.
- By
- Basel government
- Where
- Basel, Switzerland
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Basel (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Heavy contribution levied on Pest and Obuda Jews
After the suppression of the 1848-49 revolution, a huge contribution was imposed on the Pest community and a large one on the Obuda community.
- By
- Austrian authorities
- Where
- Budapest (Pest), Hungary
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Budapest (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jews' rights withdrawn after the pope's restoration
After the pope was reinstated, Jews lost their liberty, had to give up offices and societies, and again could not leave the city without permission.
- By
- Papal government
- Where
- Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Ferrara (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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War-taxes imposed on Hungarian Jews after the Revolution
After the surrender at Világos, Haynau imposed heavy war-taxes on Jewish communities, and the sum of 2,300,000 gulden was ultimately levied on all Hungarian Jewry for supporting the Revolution. Emperor Francis Joseph remitted the tax in Sept.
- By
- Haynau and the Austrian government
- Where
- Hungary
2 sources
About this entry
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Restrictions on Jewish settlement in Kaunas
Restrictions on Jews settling in Kaunas were introduced in 1845 and lifted in 1858.
- By
- Russian authorities
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Kaunas (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Russian anti-Jewish legislation extended to Bessarabia
Bessarabian autonomy was dismantled from 1835 and Russia's Jewish legislation was applied there. The ban on residence in border areas was enforced from 1839 and compulsory military service from 1852.
- By
- Russian government
- Where
- Bessarabia, Moldova
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Russian monopoly restricting Hebrew printing to Zhitomir and Wilna
The Russian government limited the printing of Hebrew books to just two cities, Zhitomir and Wilna, for the duration of the monopoly.
- By
- Russian government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Zhytomyr (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Nicholas I's flood of anti-Jewish legislation
During the reign of Nicholas I about six hundred laws concerning Jews were enacted, half of all such Russian enactments between 1649 and 1881. They were drafted under the emperor's supervision and aimed at restricting, reeducating and converting the Jewish population.
- By
- Nicholas I
- Where
- Russian Empire (several countries)
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Russian Empire (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Sevastopol closed to Jewish residence
The military port of Sevastopol was excluded from the Pale of Settlement, so Jews could not live there; wealthier Jews were admitted later.
- By
- Russian Empire
- Where
- Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Crimea (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Rabbi Israel Salanter develops the Mussar Movement
Rabbi Israel Salanter develops the Mussar Movement. While teaching that Jewish law is binding, he dismisses current philosophical debate and advocates the ethical teachings as the essence of Judaism.
- By
- Unknown
Wikipedia: Timeline of Jewish history (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Russian restrictions on Jewish settlement in border towns
Russian rules limiting Jewish settlement in border towns barred further Jewish settlement in Augustow. The community only began to shrink once the regulations were strictly enforced.
- By
- Russian authorities
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Augustów (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Poll-tax on Jews entering Galicia from Poland
A special poll-tax was imposed on Jews coming from the kingdom of Poland, and it remained in force until an imperial edict abolished it in 1851.
- By
- Austrian government
- Where
- Galicia (several countries)
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Galicia (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jews barred from burying their dead in Wiener Neustadt
After resettling in 1848, Jews were not allowed a cemetery in the city and had to bury their dead in neighboring communities until 1889.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Wiener Neustadt, Lower Austria, Austria
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Wiener Neustadt (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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St. Gallen "Jews' Law" imposes severe restrictions
The canton's Jews' Law of 1818 placed Jews under heavy restrictions, and such exceptional laws stayed in force until Swiss Jews were emancipated in 1863.
- By
- Canton of St. Gallen
- Where
- St. Gallen, Switzerland
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): St. Gallen (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Religion examination required for Jewish marriage
Jews wishing to marry had to pass a religion examination based on Homberg's textbook, a rule kept until 1856.
- By
- Austrian government under Francis II
- Where
- Austria
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Austrian Empire (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Boundary restricting Jewish house ownership in Szegedin
A boundary line was drawn beyond which Jews could not acquire houses; the ordinance remained in force until it was repealed in 1859.
- By
- Szegedin authorities
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Szeged (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jews of Corfu lose rights under British protectorate
Under the British-protected Ionian republic the Jews were barred from practising in the courts and lost all their rights.
- By
- Ionian Islands republic under British protectorate
- Where
- Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece
2 sources
About this entry
Summary of the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906, public domain) article, drafted with AI and checked automatically against the article's own words. Not individually reviewed; the article is the authority. How entries are made
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English rule bars Jews from citizenship
Under English control the Jews' status improved, but they were still forbidden to become citizens.
- By
- English (British) administration
- Where
- Zakynthos, Ionian Islands, Greece
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Zakynthos (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Restrictive laws on Jews in Tyrol remain in force
After Austria confirmed the Bavarian edict of 1813, laws forbidding new Jewish settlers, real estate purchase and public office stayed in force until the 1867 constitution.
- By
- Austrian government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Innsbruck (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Finnish restrictions on Jewish residence, movement and occupations
Finnish authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish residents, limiting where they could live, their movement and their occupations. They required permits renewed every three months and allowed expulsion for any violation.
- By
- Finnish authorities
- Where
- Finland
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Finland (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Ban on shehitah under the kingdom of Saxony
The Saxon kingdom prohibited Jewish ritual slaughter, affecting the Chemnitz community until the end of 1918.
- By
- Kingdom of Saxony
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Chemnitz (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Pale of Settlement
Catherine the Great restricted Jewish residence in the Russian Empire to its western provinces. The Pale lasted, with later additional restrictions, until the Russian Revolution.
- By
- Empress Catherine II (Russian Empire)
- Where
- Pale of Settlement (several countries)
Wikipedia: Pale of Settlement (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Ghettoization3
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Return of ghetto confinement and restrictions in Papal States
After the restored rulers returned, Jews in Rome, Ancona, Ferrara and Bologna were again confined to ghettos, excluded from public schools and barred from commercial partnerships with Christians.
- By
- Papal States authorities
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Italy (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Compulsory Jewish quarter in Kalisz
Under pressure from local authorities, the government ordered Jews of Kalisz to live in a separate, overcrowded quarter, which lasted until 1862.
- By
- Government of Congress Poland
- Where
- Kalisz, Greater Poland, Poland
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-
Confinement of Jewish visitors to the "Jewish Inn" ghetto
Temporary Jewish visitors to Moscow were allowed to stay only in a designated house, which was locked at night and functioned as a ghetto.
- By
- Russian authorities
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Moscow (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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False accusation (libel)2
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Searches of Roman Jewish homes for Church property
After the papal restoration, all Jewish houses were searched on suspicion of holding Church property, and ornaments without clear proof of ownership, including synagogue items, were kept.
- By
- Papal authorities
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Rome (opens in a new tab)About this entry
This entry records a false accusation made against Jews. The accusation was untrue; it is recorded because of the persecution it caused. About false accusations
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-
Three blood libels in Aleppo
Over two decades three separate ritual-murder accusations were leveled against the Jews of Aleppo.
- By
- Unknown
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Aleppo (opens in a new tab)About this entry
This entry records a false accusation made against Jews. The accusation was untrue; it is recorded because of the persecution it caused. About false accusations
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Readmission / emancipation21
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Abolition of the Familianten Gesetz and imposts
The constitution of March 4, 1849 abolished the Familianten Gesetz and the special taxes levied on Jews.
- By
- Austrian government
- Where
- Bohemia, Czech Republic
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Bohemia (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
Emancipation of Hungarian Jews at Szeged
The national assembly at Szeged passed a law granting Jews full citizenship.
- By
- Hungarian national assembly
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Hungary (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Full civic equality granted to Jews
Full civic equality was given to Jews, ending restrictions on buying houses and land from Christians.
- By
- Austrian government
- Where
- Bohemia, Czech Republic
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Kolín (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Hamburg Jews granted right to acquire citizenship
Members of both the German-Jewish and Portuguese congregations became free to obtain citizenship in the town.
- By
- Hamburg authorities
2 sources
About this entry
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-
Hungarian Diet emancipates the Jews at Szegedin
The Diet, meeting in Szegedin near the end of the War of Liberation, decreed Jewish emancipation, though it had no practical effect.
- By
- Hungarian Diet
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Szeged (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
Jews gain equality before the law in Austria
The new constitution of 1849 granted Jews legal equality.
- By
- Austrian government
- Where
- Austria
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Vienna (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
Last restrictive legislation against Jews abolished
The Danish constitution removed the remaining legal restrictions that applied to Jews.
- By
- Danish government
- Where
- Denmark
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Denmark (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Roman Assembly proclaims full civic equality for Jews
The revolutionary Assemblea declared the Jews fully equal citizens in February 1849.
- By
- Roman Assemblea
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Rome (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Social and legal equality granted to Carinthian Jews
An imperial patent following the constitution gave Carinthian Jews social and legal equality, though without the right to own real estate.
- By
- Austrian imperial government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Carinthia (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
Equality of citizens proclaimed; Prague Jewish community joins the city
Legal equality of all citizens regardless of creed was proclaimed, and the Jewish quarter was incorporated into the city.
- By
- Austrian government
- Where
- Prague, Bohemia, Czech Republic
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Old New Synagogue (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
Frankfurt Parliament grants equal rights to Jews
The Frankfurt Parliament's Basic Laws declared that religious affiliation must not affect the enjoyment of civil and political rights, extending equality to Jews.
- By
- Frankfurt Parliament
- Where
- Germany
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Germany (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
Jewish rights restored under the revived Venetian Republic
During the revolutionary Republic led by Daniel Manin, Jewish rights were briefly restored.
- By
- Republic of San Marco (Daniel Manin)
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Venice (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Special Jewish taxes rescinded and equality granted
The revolutionary parliament abolished special taxes on Jews, and the March 1849 constitution granted them equal rights.
- By
- Austrian revolutionary parliament
- Where
- Galicia (several countries)
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Galicia (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
Adoption and repeal of Frankfort Grundrechte
Mecklenburg adopted the Frankfort Parliament's basic rights abolishing religious disabilities, then repealed them two years later.
- By
- Mecklenburg government
- Where
- Mecklenburg, Germany
2 sources
About this entry
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-
Jewish children admitted to public schools
Prince Gregory Ghika opened the public schools to Jewish children.
- By
- Prince Gregory Ghika
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Iași (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
End of exclusion and recognition of Brno Jewish community
After the 1848 revolution the exclusion of Jews ended, the community was organized, and it received official recognition in 1859.
- By
- Austrian authorities
- Where
- Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Brno (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
Freedom of residence granted to Jews in Vienna
Jews were granted freedom of residence in Vienna in 1848 and 1860, reversing earlier restrictions.
- By
- Austrian government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Mikulov (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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-
Tanzimat reforms assure equality before the law
Ottoman reform programs assured non-Turks, including Jews, equality before the law.
- By
- Ottoman Empire
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Sarajevo (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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The development of Orthodox Judaism, a set of traditionalist movements that resisted the influences of modernization that arose in response to the European emancipation and Enlightenment movements; characterized by continued strict adherence to Halakha.
- By
- Unknown
Wikipedia: Timeline of Jewish history (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Expulsion of Jews from Portugal lifted in practice
The expulsion of Jews from Portugal (1497) was lifted in practice.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Portugal
Wikipedia: Expulsions and exoduses of Jews (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Expulsion of Jews from Spain lifted in practice
The expulsion of Jews from Spain (31 March 1492) was lifted in practice.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Spain
Wikipedia: Expulsions and exoduses of Jews (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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