Massacre / pogrom3
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1838 Druze attack on Safed
The 1838 Druze attack on Safed was a plunder of the Jewish community of Safed by the local Druze during the Druze revolt.
- By
- Unknown
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First Odessa pogroms
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Russian Empire (several countries)
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Frequent pogroms against the Jews of Meknès
After Meknès lost its status as capital in 1790, the Jewish community was repeatedly subjected to pogroms throughout the nineteenth century.
- By
- Unknown
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Meknes (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Forced conversion1
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Conscription of Jewish children into cantonist units in Russia
Russia made military service compulsory for Jews and placed minors in cantonist training units, where they were pressured, starved and tortured in order to make them convert. The system ran until its abolition in 1856, with an estimated 30,000-40,000 Jewish minors taken.
- By
- Russian government under Nicholas I
- Where
- Russian Empire (several countries)
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Discriminatory law24
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Anti-Jewish uprising in Stockholm and revocation of 1838 ordinance
After a new ordinance abolished nearly all restrictions on Jewish civic rights, an uprising occurred in the capital and the government revoked the ordinance on Sept. 21, restoring the restrictions.
- By
- Stockholm populace and Swedish government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Sweden (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Arkansas marriage law excludes Jewish ministers
The state's marriage statute was worded so that Jewish ministers could not legally perform marriage ceremonies. The text treats this as a drafting blunder, but it effectively barred them.
- By
- State of Arkansas
- Where
- Arkansas, United States
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Arkansas (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Residence and occupation restrictions on Jews of Jassy
Ordinances barred Jews from living in certain streets, hiring Christian servants, lending money or selling old clothes. They were issued and then ignored once payment was made.
- By
- Prince Michael Sturza
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Vagabondage decree used to despoil the Jews of Jassy
Prince Michael Sturza issued a vagabondage decree meant as an excuse to plunder the Jews. The community paid heavily to have it set aside.
- By
- Prince Michael Sturza
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Russian anti-Jewish legislation extended to Bessarabia
Bessarabian autonomy was dismantled from 1835 and Russia's Jewish legislation was applied there. The ban on residence in border areas was enforced from 1839 and compulsory military service from 1852.
- By
- Russian government
- Where
- Bessarabia, Moldova
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Hanoverian restoration of former restrictions on Jews in Emden
After the wars of liberation, under the kings of Hanover, the Jews were returned to their earlier restricted status. They were not freed from it until 1842.
- By
- Kings of Hanover
- Where
- Emden, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Nicholas I's flood of anti-Jewish legislation
During the reign of Nicholas I about six hundred laws concerning Jews were enacted, half of all such Russian enactments between 1649 and 1881. They were drafted under the emperor's supervision and aimed at restricting, reeducating and converting the Jewish population.
- By
- Nicholas I
- Where
- Russian Empire (several countries)
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Russian Empire (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Sevastopol closed to Jewish residence
The military port of Sevastopol was excluded from the Pale of Settlement, so Jews could not live there; wealthier Jews were admitted later.
- By
- Russian Empire
- Where
- Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine
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Special restrictive laws for Jews in the Free State of Cracow
The Free State adopted special laws for Jews, abolished the kahal and denied Jews free citizenship, burdening them with degrading restrictions until 1846.
- By
- Free State of Cracow commission on organization
- Where
- Kraków, Lesser Poland, Poland
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Patchwork of territorial Jews' laws in Prussia
Instead of a uniform regulation, Prussia maintained twenty-one separate territorial Jews' laws across its eight provinces, each applying to only part of the Jews.
- By
- Prussian government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Germany (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Rabbi Israel Salanter develops the Mussar Movement
Rabbi Israel Salanter develops the Mussar Movement. While teaching that Jewish law is binding, he dismisses current philosophical debate and advocates the ethical teachings as the essence of Judaism.
- By
- Unknown
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Napoleonic decree requiring Jews to hold good-character certificates for trade
Napoleon's decree of 1808 required Jews to have certificates of good character before engaging in trade; the rule stayed in force until 1847.
- By
- Napoleon
- Where
- Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
2 sources
About this entry
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Russian restrictions on Jewish settlement in border towns
Russian rules limiting Jewish settlement in border towns barred further Jewish settlement in Augustow. The community only began to shrink once the regulations were strictly enforced.
- By
- Russian authorities
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Augustów (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Poll-tax on Jews entering Galicia from Poland
A special poll-tax was imposed on Jews coming from the kingdom of Poland, and it remained in force until an imperial edict abolished it in 1851.
- By
- Austrian government
- Where
- Galicia (several countries)
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Galicia (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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St. Gallen "Jews' Law" imposes severe restrictions
The canton's Jews' Law of 1818 placed Jews under heavy restrictions, and such exceptional laws stayed in force until Swiss Jews were emancipated in 1863.
- By
- Canton of St. Gallen
- Where
- St. Gallen, Switzerland
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): St. Gallen (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Religion examination required for Jewish marriage
Jews wishing to marry had to pass a religion examination based on Homberg's textbook, a rule kept until 1856.
- By
- Austrian government under Francis II
- Where
- Austria
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Austrian Empire (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Boundary restricting Jewish house ownership in Szegedin
A boundary line was drawn beyond which Jews could not acquire houses; the ordinance remained in force until it was repealed in 1859.
- By
- Szegedin authorities
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Ban on Jewish residence in the duchy of Gotha
Before 1848 Jews were not allowed to live in the duchy of Gotha and could trade there only under restrictions.
- By
- Duchy of Gotha
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Jews of Corfu lose rights under British protectorate
Under the British-protected Ionian republic the Jews were barred from practising in the courts and lost all their rights.
- By
- Ionian Islands republic under British protectorate
- Where
- Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece
2 sources
About this entry
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English rule bars Jews from citizenship
Under English control the Jews' status improved, but they were still forbidden to become citizens.
- By
- English (British) administration
- Where
- Zakynthos, Ionian Islands, Greece
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Restrictive laws on Jews in Tyrol remain in force
After Austria confirmed the Bavarian edict of 1813, laws forbidding new Jewish settlers, real estate purchase and public office stayed in force until the 1867 constitution.
- By
- Austrian government
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Finnish restrictions on Jewish residence, movement and occupations
Finnish authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish residents, limiting where they could live, their movement and their occupations. They required permits renewed every three months and allowed expulsion for any violation.
- By
- Finnish authorities
- Where
- Finland
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Finland (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Ban on shehitah under the kingdom of Saxony
The Saxon kingdom prohibited Jewish ritual slaughter, affecting the Chemnitz community until the end of 1918.
- By
- Kingdom of Saxony
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Pale of Settlement
Catherine the Great restricted Jewish residence in the Russian Empire to its western provinces. The Pale lasted, with later additional restrictions, until the Russian Revolution.
- By
- Empress Catherine II (Russian Empire)
- Where
- Pale of Settlement (several countries)
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Ghettoization4
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Ghetto gates of Rome re-erected under Gregory XVI
Despite Austrian intercession and his debt to the Rothschilds, Pope Gregory XVI had the ghetto gates put up again.
- By
- Pope Gregory XVI
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Rome (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jewish residence restricted to two areas in Hamburg
Although there was no formal ghetto, Jews were effectively limited to living in two areas of the city until the 1842 fire.
- By
- City of Hamburg
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Hamburg (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Compulsory Jewish quarter in Kalisz
Under pressure from local authorities, the government ordered Jews of Kalisz to live in a separate, overcrowded quarter, which lasted until 1862.
- By
- Government of Congress Poland
- Where
- Kalisz, Greater Poland, Poland
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Confinement of Jewish visitors to the "Jewish Inn" ghetto
Temporary Jewish visitors to Moscow were allowed to stay only in a designated house, which was locked at night and functioned as a ghetto.
- By
- Russian authorities
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Moscow (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Readmission / emancipation6
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Decree of 1838 opening some trades to Jews
A decree opened some trades and handicrafts to Dresden Jews, though many disabilities remained.
- By
- Saxon government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Dresden (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Saxon law defines civil position of Jews
A law granted civil rights to Jews already resident, excluding municipal and political rights, and required newcomers to obtain ministerial permission to settle.
- By
- Saxon Diet
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Leipzig (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Toleration-tax on Jews abolished under Ferdinand V
King Ferdinand V abrogated the toleration-tax that had stigmatized Jews for about a century.
- By
- King Ferdinand V
- Where
- Hungary
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Budapest (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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The development of Orthodox Judaism, a set of traditionalist movements that resisted the influences of modernization that arose in response to the European emancipation and Enlightenment movements; characterized by continued strict adherence to Halakha.
- By
- Unknown
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Expulsion of Jews from Portugal lifted in practice
The expulsion of Jews from Portugal (1497) was lifted in practice.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Portugal
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Expulsion of Jews from Spain lifted in practice
The expulsion of Jews from Spain (31 March 1492) was lifted in practice.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Spain
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