Expulsion3
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Decree removing Jews from the 50-verst boundary zone
A decree ordered Jews out of the 50-verst frontier zone, with exemptions for registered places and organized kahals. Removals from Volhynia continued until 1821.
- By
- Russian government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Russian Empire (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Banishment of Jews from Bremen after the Vienna convention
About thirty Jewish families who had settled during the French occupation were banished following the Vienna convention, though the expulsion was only fully completed six years later.
- By
- City of Bremen
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Bremen (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Expulsion of the Jews from Lübeck after the Congress of Vienna
The senate ordered all Jews to leave the city within four weeks; after protests they were pushed to settle in Moisling, and by 1824 nearly all had left.
- By
- Lübeck senate
- Where
- Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Lübeck (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Expulsions record persecution of Jews, not wrongdoing by Jews. Why this matters
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Massacre / pogrom6
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Jew executed for recanting forced conversion to Islam
A drunken Jew was persuaded to acknowledge the Prophet in a mosque and was treated as a convert. When he retracted the next day, the sultan ordered him beheaded and his head sent to court.
- By
- Sultan of Morocco
- Where
- Morocco
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Morocco (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Killing of Jewish banker Hayyim Farhi
Hayyim Farhi, the Jewish banker prominent in Acre's government, was put to death on the orders of Abdallah Pasha.
- By
- Abdallah Pasha
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Syria (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Murder of a Jewish peddler at Kaukauna
A newspaper account of 1820 reported that a Jewish peddler was killed at Kaukauna by three men who wanted the goods he carried.
- By
- Three Indians
- Where
- Kaukauna, Wisconsin, United States
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Milwaukee (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Persecution of Crypto-Jews of Covilhã during the civil wars
During Portugal's civil wars, the clergy persecuted Covilhã's Crypto-Jews, suspecting them of supporting the liberal side.
- By
- Portuguese clergy
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Covilhã (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Nomad raids on the Jewish quarter of Ispahan under Fath Ali Shah
During Fath Ali Shah's reign, Illiat nomads repeatedly attacked the Jewish quarter, assaulting women, killing men, and looting and wrecking homes.
- By
- Illiats (Persian nomads)
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Isfahan (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Frequent pogroms against the Jews of Meknès
After Meknès lost its status as capital in 1790, the Jewish community was repeatedly subjected to pogroms throughout the nineteenth century.
- By
- Unknown
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Meknes (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Discriminatory law23
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Hessian constitution limits Jewish citizenship
The 1820 constitution of Hesse-Darmstadt placed strict limits on Jewish citizenship, leaving most Jews as Schutzjuden.
- By
- Hesse-Darmstadt government
- Where
- Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Hesse (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Restriction on Jews acquiring foreclosed real estate
Jews could foreclose on mortgages only if they did not buy the property or administer it.
- By
- Austrian government under Francis II
- Where
- Austria
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Austrian Empire (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jews prohibited from becoming druggists
A law, repeated in 1829, barred Jews from establishing themselves as druggists, with a single personal exception.
- By
- Austrian government under Francis II
- Where
- Austria
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Austrian Empire (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Bans on Jewish trade in church goods
Repeated orders forbade Jews from dealing in ecclesiastical furniture, crucifixes and vestments.
- By
- Francis II
- Where
- Galicia (several countries)
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Galicia (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Church-based restrictions on Jewish music and Purim balls
Jews were forbidden music during Advent, and Christians were barred from dancing at Jewish Purim balls.
- By
- Austrian authorities
- Where
- Austria
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Austrian Empire (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jews barred from the druggist business
Jews were prohibited from working as druggists, first in West Galicia and later across the whole province.
- By
- Austrian government
- Where
- Galicia (several countries)
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Galicia (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Hanoverian restoration of former restrictions on Jews in Emden
After the wars of liberation, under the kings of Hanover, the Jews were returned to their earlier restricted status. They were not freed from it until 1842.
- By
- Kings of Hanover
- Where
- Emden, Lower Saxony, Germany
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Emden (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Special restrictive laws for Jews in the Free State of Cracow
The Free State adopted special laws for Jews, abolished the kahal and denied Jews free citizenship, burdening them with degrading restrictions until 1846.
- By
- Free State of Cracow commission on organization
- Where
- Kraków, Lesser Poland, Poland
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Kraków (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Patchwork of territorial Jews' laws in Prussia
Instead of a uniform regulation, Prussia maintained twenty-one separate territorial Jews' laws across its eight provinces, each applying to only part of the Jews.
- By
- Prussian government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Germany (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Ali Pasha's heavy taxation of wealthy Jews
Ali Pasha, governor of the area, imposed a heavy tax burden on the wealthy Jews during his rule.
- By
- Ali Pasha
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Ioannina (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Napoleonic decree requiring Jews to hold good-character certificates for trade
Napoleon's decree of 1808 required Jews to have certificates of good character before engaging in trade; the rule stayed in force until 1847.
- By
- Napoleon
- Where
- Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
2 sources
About this entry
Summary of the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906, public domain) article, drafted with AI and checked automatically against the article's own words. Not individually reviewed; the article is the authority. How entries are made
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Poll-tax on Jews entering Galicia from Poland
A special poll-tax was imposed on Jews coming from the kingdom of Poland, and it remained in force until an imperial edict abolished it in 1851.
- By
- Austrian government
- Where
- Galicia (several countries)
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Galicia (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Renewed heavy taxation under Francis I
During Francis I's reign the Jews suffered more troubles and were again heavily taxed.
- By
- Francis I
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Mantua (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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St. Gallen "Jews' Law" imposes severe restrictions
The canton's Jews' Law of 1818 placed Jews under heavy restrictions, and such exceptional laws stayed in force until Swiss Jews were emancipated in 1863.
- By
- Canton of St. Gallen
- Where
- St. Gallen, Switzerland
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): St. Gallen (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Religion examination required for Jewish marriage
Jews wishing to marry had to pass a religion examination based on Homberg's textbook, a rule kept until 1856.
- By
- Austrian government under Francis II
- Where
- Austria
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Austrian Empire (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Boundary restricting Jewish house ownership in Szegedin
A boundary line was drawn beyond which Jews could not acquire houses; the ordinance remained in force until it was repealed in 1859.
- By
- Szegedin authorities
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Szeged (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Ban on Jewish residence in the duchy of Gotha
Before 1848 Jews were not allowed to live in the duchy of Gotha and could trade there only under restrictions.
- By
- Duchy of Gotha
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Gotha (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jews of Corfu lose rights under British protectorate
Under the British-protected Ionian republic the Jews were barred from practising in the courts and lost all their rights.
- By
- Ionian Islands republic under British protectorate
- Where
- Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece
2 sources
About this entry
Summary of the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906, public domain) article, drafted with AI and checked automatically against the article's own words. Not individually reviewed; the article is the authority. How entries are made
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English rule bars Jews from citizenship
Under English control the Jews' status improved, but they were still forbidden to become citizens.
- By
- English (British) administration
- Where
- Zakynthos, Ionian Islands, Greece
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Zakynthos (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Restrictive laws on Jews in Tyrol remain in force
After Austria confirmed the Bavarian edict of 1813, laws forbidding new Jewish settlers, real estate purchase and public office stayed in force until the 1867 constitution.
- By
- Austrian government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Innsbruck (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Finnish restrictions on Jewish residence, movement and occupations
Finnish authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish residents, limiting where they could live, their movement and their occupations. They required permits renewed every three months and allowed expulsion for any violation.
- By
- Finnish authorities
- Where
- Finland
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Finland (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Ban on shehitah under the kingdom of Saxony
The Saxon kingdom prohibited Jewish ritual slaughter, affecting the Chemnitz community until the end of 1918.
- By
- Kingdom of Saxony
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Chemnitz (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Pale of Settlement
Catherine the Great restricted Jewish residence in the Russian Empire to its western provinces. The Pale lasted, with later additional restrictions, until the Russian Revolution.
- By
- Empress Catherine II (Russian Empire)
- Where
- Pale of Settlement (several countries)
Wikipedia: Pale of Settlement (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Text adapted from Wikipedia, “Pale of Settlement”, by Wikipedia contributors. Lightly edited. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. article (opens in a new tab) · history (opens in a new tab) · CC BY-SA 4.0 (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
Ghettoization3
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Jews barred from Altstadt main streets and Oberneustadt
It was ordered that Jews not live in the principal streets of the Altstadt and be wholly excluded from the Oberneustadt.
- By
- Hesse-Cassel authorities
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Kassel (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jewish residence restricted to two areas in Hamburg
Although there was no formal ghetto, Jews were effectively limited to living in two areas of the city until the 1842 fire.
- By
- City of Hamburg
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Hamburg (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Confinement of Jewish visitors to the "Jewish Inn" ghetto
Temporary Jewish visitors to Moscow were allowed to stay only in a designated house, which was locked at night and functioned as a ghetto.
- By
- Russian authorities
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Moscow (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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False accusation (libel)2
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Ritual murder trial in Grodno
A ritual murder trial against Jews took place in Grodno, though details are not preserved.
- By
- Unknown
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Hrodna (opens in a new tab)About this entry
This entry records a false accusation made against Jews. The accusation was untrue; it is recorded because of the persecution it caused. About false accusations
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Spanish Inquisition
Established with papal approval, the Inquisition investigated and tried conversos (converted Jews and their descendants) suspected of secretly practising Judaism. Thousands were executed and many more punished.
- By
- Ferdinand II and Isabella I, with Pope Sixtus IV
- Where
- SpainSpanish Empire (several countries)
Wikipedia: Spanish Inquisition (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
This entry records a false accusation made against Jews. The accusation was untrue; it is recorded because of the persecution it caused. About false accusations
Text adapted from Wikipedia, “Spanish Inquisition”, by Wikipedia contributors. Lightly edited. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. article (opens in a new tab) · history (opens in a new tab) · CC BY-SA 4.0 (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
Destruction1
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Prussian authorities use Jewish tombstones for fortifications
Around 1820 the Prussian authorities took tombstones from the Jewish cemetery to fortify the city.
- By
- Prussian authorities
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Erfurt (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Readmission / emancipation9
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Hesse-Darmstadt constitution grants Jews civic liberty
The constitution of Dec. 17, 1820 put all parts of Hesse on an equal basis and gave Jews civic liberty.
- By
- Grand Duchy of Hesse
- Where
- Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany
2 sources
About this entry
Summary of the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906, public domain) article, drafted with AI and checked automatically against the article's own words. Not individually reviewed; the article is the authority. How entries are made
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Jews granted full civil rights in Barbados
Jews in Barbados were given full civil rights in 1820, ending earlier legal disabilities.
- By
- Barbados authorities
- Where
- Barbados
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Barbados (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jews permitted to practice law and medicine
From the 1820s Jews in Karlsruhe were allowed to enter the legal and medical professions.
- By
- Baden government
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Karlsruhe (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Jews resettle in Bern with full religious freedom
Around 1820 Jews, mostly French citizens from Alsace, again settled in Bern and were granted absolute religious freedom.
- By
- Bern authorities
- Where
- Bern, Switzerland
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Bern (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Munich Jews permitted a cemetery and a synagogue
The government allowed the Munich Jewish community to acquire a cemetery in 1818 and to build a synagogue in 1824.
- By
- Bavarian government
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906): Munich (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Residence restriction on Bauska Jews lifted
The limitation confining Jewish residence to a suburb was removed in the 1820s.
- By
- Russian government
Encyclopaedia Judaica: Bauska (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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The development of Orthodox Judaism, a set of traditionalist movements that resisted the influences of modernization that arose in response to the European emancipation and Enlightenment movements; characterized by continued strict adherence to Halakha.
- By
- Unknown
Wikipedia: Timeline of Jewish history (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
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Expulsion of Jews from Portugal lifted in practice
The expulsion of Jews from Portugal (1497) was lifted in practice.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Portugal
Wikipedia: Expulsions and exoduses of Jews (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Text adapted from Wikipedia, “Expulsions and exoduses of Jews”, by Wikipedia contributors. Lightly edited. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. article (opens in a new tab) · history (opens in a new tab) · CC BY-SA 4.0 (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
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Expulsion of Jews from Spain lifted in practice
The expulsion of Jews from Spain (31 March 1492) was lifted in practice.
- By
- Unknown
- Where
- Spain
Wikipedia: Expulsions and exoduses of Jews (opens in a new tab) CC BY-SA licence (opens in a new tab)About this entry
Text adapted from Wikipedia, “Expulsions and exoduses of Jews”, by Wikipedia contributors. Lightly edited. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. article (opens in a new tab) · history (opens in a new tab) · CC BY-SA 4.0 (opens in a new tab) How entries are made
Historical summaries, partly AI-assisted and not individually reviewed, provided as is. They may contain errors; check the linked sources. How entries are made · Terms